Premature Birth

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View the Evidence: Ailments

Delaying cord clamping by 30 to 120 seconds, rather than early clamping, seems to be associated with less need for transfusion and less intraventricular haemorrhage.

Pubmed Data : Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004(4):CD003248. Epub 2004 Oct 18. PMID: 15495045
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2004
Study Type : Meta Analysis
Additional Links
Diseases : Intraventricular hemorrhage : CK(30) : AC(2), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Umbilical Cord Clamping : CK(40) : AC(2)

Iatrogenic harm to newborns occurs at a high rate in neonatal intensive care units.

Pubmed Data : Nephron. 2001 Dec;89(4):433-8. PMID: 18762525
Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2001
Study Type : Meta Analysis
Additional Links
Diseases : Iatrogenic Disease : CK(62) : AC(7), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Preterm Infant Care : CK(121) : AC(12)
Additional Keywords : Iatrogenic Disease : CK(226) : AC(26)

Selenium supplementation may reduce the risk of sepsis in preterm infants.

Pubmed Data : Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD003312. PMID: 14583967
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2003
Study Type : Meta Analysis
Additional Links
Substances : Selenium : CK(574) : AC(94)
Diseases : Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Sepsis : CK(187) : AC(26)

Vitamin A supplementation prevents mortality and short and long-term morbility in very low birthweight infants.

Pubmed Data : Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD000501. Epub 2007 Oct 17. PMID: 17943744
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2007
Study Type : Meta Analysis
Additional Links
Substances : Vitamin A : CK(371) : AC(58)
Diseases : Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Retinopathy of Prematurity : CK(47) : AC(7)

A case of pulmonary hypertension following L-lysine ibuprofen therapy has been reported in a preterm infant with patent ductus arteriosus.

Pubmed Data : CMAJ. 2006 Jun 20;174(13):1843-4. PMID: 16785458
Article Published Date : Jun 20, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension: Pulmonary : CK(1830) : AC(34), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Preterm Infants: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) : CK(20) : AC(2)
Problem Substances : Ibuprofen : CK(162) : AC(19), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) : CK(1383) : AC(115)
Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Hypertensive : CK(68) : AC(9)

Bisphenol A exposure has been linked to increased risk of prematurity.

Pubmed Data : Environ Health. 2010;9:62. Epub 2010 Oct 18. PMID: 20955576
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Prenatal Chemical Exposures : CK(322) : AC(86)
Problem Substances : Bisphenol A : CK(217) : AC(54)

Bovine lactoferrin supplementation prevents late-onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight neonates.

Pubmed Data : JAMA. 2009 Oct 7;302(13):1421-8. PMID: 19809023
Article Published Date : Oct 07, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lactoferrin : CK(118) : AC(31)
Diseases : Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Sepsis : CK(187) : AC(26)

Caffeinated but not decaffeinated coffee consumption during pregnancy is associated with lower birth weight and preterm delivery.

Pubmed Data : Epidemiology. 1999 May ;10(3):242-9. PMID: 10230832
Article Published Date : May 01, 1999
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Coffee: Decaffeinated : CK(24) : AC(3)
Diseases : Infants: Low Birth Weight : CK(124) : AC(13), Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Prenatal Nutrition : CK(180) : AC(25), Preterm Birth: Prevention : CK(111) : AC(9)
Problem Substances : Coffee : CK(64) : AC(7)

CRP level in infants is elevated in the 48 hours following immunization.

Pubmed Data : J Pediatr. 2007 Aug ;151(2):167-72. Epub 2007 Jun 22. PMID: 17643770
Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2007
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : C-Reactive Protein : CK(819) : AC(74), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Vaccine-induced Toxicity : CK(1130) : AC(163)
Additional Keywords : Multiple Vaccines : CK(10) : AC(1)
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Vaccination: All : CK(3830) : AC(302)

Elective cesarean section at term, in an obstetric population without prenatally identified risk factors, remains associated with increased resuscitation risk with related implications for the neonate compared with vaginal delivery.

Pubmed Data : Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;5(6):566-70. PMID: 15530194
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2004
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Cesarean Section : CK(431) : AC(33), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Resuscitation : CK(12) : AC(1)
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Cesarean Delivery : CK(633) : AC(43)

Enterobacter sakazakii (ES) is an emerging pathogen associated with the ingestion of contaminated reconstituted formula that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in low-birth-weight preterm neonatal infants.

Pubmed Data : Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008 Oct;9(5):533-9. PMID: 18687047
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Bacterial Meningitis : CK(22) : AC(3), Enterobacteriaceae Infections : CK(38) : AC(9), Infant Nutrition: Infant Formula : CK(278) : AC(33), Infants: Low Birth Weight : CK(124) : AC(13), Necrotising enterocolitis : CK(79) : AC(12), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Sepsis : CK(187) : AC(26)
Problem Substances : Infant Formula : CK(485) : AC(63)

Fish-oil-based fat emulsion administered from the first day of life may be effective in the prophylaxis of severe retinopathy.

Pubmed Data : Pediatrics. 2011 Jan 3. Epub 2011 Jan 3. PMID: 21199856
Article Published Date : Jan 03, 2011
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) : CK(582) : AC(100), Fish Oil : CK(615) : AC(95)
Diseases : Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Retinopathy of Prematurity : CK(47) : AC(7)
Additional Keywords : Emulsified Fats : CK(10) : AC(1)

Glutamine supplement with parenteral nutrition decreases whole body proteolysis in low birth weight infants.

Pubmed Data : J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):642-7. PMID: 15870668
Article Published Date : May 01, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Glutamine : CK(98) : AC(19)
Diseases : C-Reactive Protein : CK(819) : AC(74), Infants: Low Birth Weight : CK(124) : AC(13), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)

Hepatitis B vaccination is associated with potentially neurotoxic mercury exposure in infants.

Pubmed Data : Chin Med. 2008 Mar 29;3:4. PMID: 10802503
Article Published Date : Mar 29, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Mercury Poisoning : CK(162) : AC(44), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Vaccination: All : CK(3830) : AC(302), Vaccination: Hepatitis B : CK(347) : AC(48)

Infant formula may have inadequate iodine levels contributing to a high risk of iodine deficiency, especially in premature babies.

Pubmed Data : Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1994 Nov;71(3):F184-91. PMID: 7820714
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 1994
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Infant Nutrition: Infant Formula : CK(278) : AC(33), Iodine Deficiency : CK(75) : AC(11), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Problem Substances : Infant Formula : CK(485) : AC(63)

Intravenous nutrition given to at-risk premature infants may result in zinc deficiency and consequent adverse health effects.

Pubmed Data : Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 Jul-Aug;27(4):380-3. PMID: 20653858
Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Zinc : CK(870) : AC(127)
Diseases : Enteropathy : CK(28) : AC(4), Necrotising enterocolitis : CK(79) : AC(12), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Zinc Deficiency : CK(44) : AC(7)

Iodine deficiency may be a common problem in premature newborns.

Pubmed Data : Semin Perinatol. 2008 Dec;32(6):407-12. PMID: 19007678
Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Iodine : CK(116) : AC(21)
Diseases : Hypothyroidism : CK(537) : AC(78), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)

Massage has a therapeutic effect on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates.

Pubmed Data : J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993 Oct;14(5):318-22. PMID: 8254063
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 1993
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Cocaine Toxicity : CK(19) : AC(5), Cocaine Withdrawal : CK(26) : AC(7), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Therapeutic Actions : Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)

Massage therapy has positive effects on depressed pregnant women and their offspring.

Pubmed Data : J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Jun;25(2):115-22. PMID: 15715034
Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2004
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Infants: Very Low Birth Weight/Low Birth Weight : CK(202) : AC(18), Postpartum Depression : CK(211) : AC(24), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Therapeutic Actions : Massage/Therapeutic Touch : CK(710) : AC(72)

Neonatal treatment of prematurely born children with dexamethasone but not with hydrocortisone resulted in long-lasting programming effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and on the T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine balance.

Pubmed Data : Pediatrics. 2008 Apr;121(4):e870-8. PMID: 18381516
Article Published Date : Apr 01, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Childhood Chronic Lung Diseases : CK(40) : AC(4), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Problem Substances : Dexamethasone : CK(49) : AC(8)

Newborns who undergo intensive therapeutic medical interventions are exposed to higher concentrations of phthalate than the general population.

Pubmed Data : Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5):e429-34. PMID: 15121985
Article Published Date : May 01, 2004
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Infant Chemical Exposures : CK(162) : AC(22), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Problem Substances : Phthalates : CK(151) : AC(24)

Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation may contribute to the prevention of early preterm brith in both low-risk and high-risk pregnancies.

Pubmed Data : J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Nov;39(5):487-92. PMID: 19536664
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2004
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Omega-3 Fatty Acids : CK(3333) : AC(319)
Diseases : Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Prenatal Nutrition: Prevention of Problems : CK(357) : AC(41)

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may decreasethe incidence of preterm birth in high-risk patients.

Pubmed Data : Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;195(6):1693-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21. PMID: 16792994
Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Omega-3 Fatty Acids : CK(3333) : AC(319)
Diseases : Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Prenatal Nutrition: Prevention of Problems : CK(357) : AC(41)

Parenteral nutrition formulas for neonates have potentially toxic levels of aluminum.

Pubmed Data : J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Feb;50(2):208-11. PMID: 20038851
Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Aluminum Toxicity : CK(100) : AC(36), Infant Chemical Exposures : CK(162) : AC(22), Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43)
Problem Substances : Aluminum : CK(154) : AC(41), Parenteral Nutrition: Infant : CK(10) : AC(1)

Phthalate exposure as measured by urinary phthalate metabolites have been linked to increased risk of preterm birth

Pubmed Data : Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Oct;117(10):1587-92. Epub 2009 Jun 16. PMID: 20019910
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Premature Birth : CK(412) : AC(43), Prenatal Chemical Exposures : CK(322) : AC(86)
Problem Substances : Phthalates : CK(151) : AC(24)

Related Blogs

The Surprising Lack of Evidence For Postdate Birth Induction
Written by Judy Cohain, CNM
45% of births in the US are now induced, but evidence supporting this intervention is severely lacking. Case controlled studies show no benefit to inducing for postdates. Routinely inducing for postdates is based on 3 uncontrolled, retrospective studies showing 1/1000 less stillbirths while ignoring possible increases in brain damage to newborns as a result of induction.
The Incredible Healing Effect of Mother's Touch
Written by Eleni Roumeliotou
Skin to skin contact between the mother and her new-born baby can have impressive healing and even life-saving effects for the infant. Evidence shows that the human body is not just a dynamic sophisticated biochemical and genetic system; there are strong energetic, emotional and psychological aspects that interact decisively with the physical counterparts of the body and can make a very measurable difference in our physiological functions.
Drug-Induced Birth Linked To C-Sections & Fetal Harm
Written by Sayer Ji, Founder
A new study in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Gynaecology confirms what many who have undergone a hospital birth already know: the use of the labor-inducing drug pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) leads to great pain and suffering, including serious adverse, unintended health effects to both mother and infant.

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