Erythema https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/1969/all en 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (tear gas) exhibits a wide range of serious, unintended adverse effects including death. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile-tear-gas-exhibits-wide-range-serious-unintended-ad PMID:  Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1990 Mar ;377:1-211. PMID: 12692644 Abstract Title:  NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of CS2 (94% o-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile, CAS No. 2698-41-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Abstract:  CS2 (94% o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile [CS]; 5% Cab-O-Sil(R). colloidal silica; 1% hexamethyldisilizane), an eye and respiratory irritant, is used as an aerosol to control riots. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis studies were conducted by exposing groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, 13 weeks, or 2 years, to a CS2 aerosol. Genetic toxicology studies with CS2 were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, mouse lymphoma cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Fourteen-Day Studies: At exposure concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 mg/m3 CS2, all rats exposed to 30 or 100 mg/m3 and all mice exposed to 10, 30, or 100 mg/m3 died before the end of the studies. Compound-related clinical signs observed included erythema, blepharospasm, listlessness, nasal discharge, and mouse breathing. Thirteen-Week Studies: At exposure concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.75, 1.5, 3, or 6 mg/m3, 1/10 male rats exposed to 6 mg/m3 died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of rats exposed to 1.5 mg/m3 or more were 17%-44% lower than that of controls for males and 10%-24% lower for females. The absolute and relative thymus weights were reduced for exposed male and female rats, particularly at 6 mg/m3. Compound-related lesions of the nasal passage in rats included focal erosion with regenerative hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium and suppurative inflammation. Acute inflammation and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium were seen in the larynx and trachea of some exposed rats. All mice exposed to 6 mg/m3 and 1/10 males and 1/10 females exposed to 3 mg/m3 died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of mice exposed to 3 mg/m3 were 13% lower than that of controls for males and 9% lower for females. Compound-related lesions of the nasal passage in mice included squamous metaplasia of the nasal respiratory epithelium and inflammation. Based on these results, CS2 exposure concentrations for the 2-year studies were 0, 0.075, 0.25, or 0.75 mg/m3 for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 105 weeks for groups of 50 rats of each sex. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were exposed to 0, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/m3 on the same schedule. Body Weights and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: Final mean body weights of rats exposed to 0.75 mg/m3 were 7%-11% lower than those of controls. Final mean body weights of mice exposed to CS2 were lower than those of controls (male: 5% and 9%; female: 10% and 17%). No compound-related clinical signs were observed. No significant differences in survival were seen for any group of rats or mice of either sex. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-Year Studies: Compound-related nonneoplastic lesions occurred in the nasal passage of exposed rats and mice. In exposed rats, hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium and degeneration of the olfactory epithelium with ciliated columnar and/or squamous metaplasia were observed. Focal chronic inflammation and proliferation of the periosteum of the turbinate bones were increased slightly in rats at the top exposure concentration. Suppurative inflammation with hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium occurred in exposed mice. There were no compound-related increased incidences of neoplasms in rats or mice exposed to CS2. In exposed female mice, there were pronounced decreases in the incidences of adenomas of the pituitary pars distalis (control, 13/47; 0.75 mg/m3, 5/46; 1.5 mg/m3, 1/46) and decreased incidences of malignant lymphomas (21/50; 12/50; 8/50). Genetic Toxicology: The responses in Salmonella gene mutation tests with CS2 were equivocal in one laboratory for strain TA100 in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9) and equivocal in another laboratory for TA97 with S9; in all other strains tested, CS2 was clearly negative with or without S9. CS2 induced trifluorothymidine resistance in mouse L5178Y/TK lymphoma cells in the absence of S9; it was not tested with S9. CS2 induced both sister chromatid exchangeslymphoma cells in the absence of S9; it was not tested with S9. CS2 induced both sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells with and without S9. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of CS2 for male or female F344/N rats exposed to 0.075, 0.25, or 0.75 mg/m3 in air for up to 2 years. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 0.75 or 1.5 mg/m3 in air for up to 2 years. Concentration-related decreases in the incidences of pituitary gland adenomas and lymphomas were observed in female mice. Exposure to CS2 caused degeneration and squamous metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium, hyperplasia and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium, and proliferation of the periosteum of the nasal passage of rats. In mice, exposure to this compound caused suppurative inflammation and hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal passage. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile-tear-gas-exhibits-wide-range-serious-unintended-ad#comments Blepharospasm Erythema Listlessness Mouth Breathing Nasal Discharge Respiratory Diseases 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (tear gas) CS2 Riot Control Aerosol Inflammatory Animal Study Sun, 27 Nov 2011 14:47:10 +0000 greenmedinfo 70021 at https://greenmedinfo.com A homeopathic remedy reduces symptoms associated with insect bites. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/homeopathic-remedy-reduces-symptoms-associated-insect-bites PMID:  Pharm World Sci. 1996 Jan;18(1):35-41. PMID: 8861830 Abstract Title:  The efficacy of Prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of Prrikweg gel, a homeopathic after-bite gel, in relieving the effects of mosquito bites, in particular itching and erythema.DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.SETTING: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.SUBJECTS: 100 healthy volunteers.METHODS: All subjects were bitten under laboratory conditions by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at one spot on the ventral aspect of the left forearm and another on a corresponding position on the right forearm. One spot was treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel and the other with a placebo gel.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Itching was assessed on a 5-point discrete rating scale at 0, 0.5, 1, 26.5, and 48 h post-bite to compare the itch-relieving efficacy of the two treatments. Erythema development was assessed by photographing the bite sites, measuring length and width of the erythema with a calliper, and comparing the ratio of the erythema surface at baseline T(0) to the mean erythema surface at 0.5, 1, 26.5, and 48 h post-bite (T mean) for the two treatments.RESULTS: Testing erythema development by comparing the ratio T(0)/T (mean, after-bite gel) and the ratio T(0)/T (mean, placebo gel) gave a two-tailed p = 0.098(95% Cl, -0.031-0.361) in favour of the after-bite gel. There was not a statistically significant difference between the itch relief provided by the two treatments (two-tailed p = 0.424; 95 percent Cl, -0.541-0.191). The correlation between itching and erythema was significant (r = 0.46; p https://greenmedinfo.com/article/homeopathic-remedy-reduces-symptoms-associated-insect-bites#comments Bug Bite Erythema Homeopathic Medicine: All Itching Homeopathic Treatment Plant Extracts Human Study Thu, 10 Feb 2011 02:26:51 +0000 greenmedinfo 61018 at https://greenmedinfo.com Application of melatonin cream 12.5% protects against natural sunlight induced erythema. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/application-melatonin-cream-125-protects-against-natural-sunlight-induced-eryt PMID:  J Dermatol Sci. 2016 Aug 9. Epub 2016 Aug 9. PMID: 27543364 Abstract Title:  Dose dependent sun protective effect of topical melatonin: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by sunlight results in an increasing number of skin conditions. Earlier studies have suggested a protective effect of topical treatment with the pineal hormone melatonin. However, this protective effect has never been evaluated in natural sunlight, and the optimal dosing has not been clarified.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the sun protective effect of topical treatment with three different doses of melatonin (0.5%, 2.5%, 12.5%) against erythema induced by natural sunlight.METHOD: The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy volunteers. Twenty-three healthy volunteers, 8 male and 15 female, were enrolled. The protective effect of three different doses of melatonin cream (0.5%, 2.5%, 12.5%) against erythema induced by natural sunlight was tested. All participants had their backs exposed to sun from 1:22 PM to 2:02 PM local time and UV-index was 9. Primary outcome was reduction in erythema evaluated by chromatography after sun exposure, when treated with topical melatonin cream (0.5%, 2.5%, 12.5%) versus placebo and no treatment. The erythema reaction was evaluated with chromatography and visual scoring at baseline, one, four, eight and 24h after exposure.RESULTS: Significant difference in erythema formation was found between areas treated with melatonin cream 12.5% and areas receiving placebo or no treatment (repeated measures ANOVA p=0.001). No differences were found between placebo and the 0.5% and 2.5% concentrations.CONCLUSION: Application of melatonin cream 12.5% protects against natural sunlight induced erythema. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/application-melatonin-cream-125-protects-against-natural-sunlight-induced-eryt#comments Erythema Melatonin Skin Diseases Skin Diseases: Photo-Aging Dose Response Human Study Mon, 22 Aug 2016 18:26:08 +0000 greenmedinfo 133628 at https://greenmedinfo.com Daily supplementation with carotenoids protects human skin against both UVB-induced erythema and UVA-induced pigmentation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/daily-supplementation-carotenoids-protects-human-skin-against-both-uvb-induced PMID:  Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2020 Feb 18. Epub 2020 Feb 18. PMID: 32072695 Abstract Title:  Orally administered mixed carotenoids protect human skin against Ultraviolet A-induced skin pigmentation: A double blind, placebo controlled, randomized clinical trial. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Photoprotection of human skin is determined as the capacity of sunscreens to prevent Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation-induced erythema and UVA radiation-induced pigmentation. It is unequivocal that, in addition to sunscreens, oral supplementation with carotenoids can protect human skin against UVB radiation-induced erythema. It is not known if this is also the case for UVA radiation-induced pigmentation.OBJECTIVE: To clinically evaluate the photoprotective effects of daily supplementation with carotenoids against UVA radiation-induced pigmentation.METHODS: In this double blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 subjects (Fitzpatrick types II-IV) were randomized to receive Nutrilite™ Multi Carotene supplement or placebo for 12-weeks. UVB-induced Minimal Erythemal dose (MED), UVA-induced Minimal Persistent Pigmentation Dose (MPPD) and skin carotenoid levels were measured at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of intervention. Skin color was evaluated by expert clinical graders and bycolorimetry . Carotenoid levels in the skin were measured by the Biozoom® device.RESULTS: In the intervention group, a significant increase in comparison with the placebo group was observed in (i) skin carotenoid levels, (ii) UVB-induced MED and (iii) UVA-induced MPPD values obtained by colorimetry.CONCLUSION: Daily supplementation with carotenoids protects human skin against both UVB-induced erythema and UVA-induced pigmentation. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/daily-supplementation-carotenoids-protects-human-skin-against-both-uvb-induced" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/daily-supplementation-carotenoids-protects-human-skin-against-both-uvb-induced#comments Carotenoids Erythema Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Damage Photoprotective Human Study Sun, 23 Feb 2020 01:49:41 +0000 greenmedinfo 213160 at https://greenmedinfo.com Erythema multiforme has been reported as a possible side effect of vaccination for human papillomavirus. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/erythema-multiforme-has-been-reported-possible-side-effect-vaccination-human-p PMID:  Dermatology. 2010;220(1):60-2. Epub 2009 Nov 3. PMID: 19887766 Abstract Title:  Erythema multiforme following vaccination for human papillomavirus. Abstract:  Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute self-limited immune-mediated reaction manifested by target skin lesions with mucous membrane involvement. The most common causes are infections and drugs. Vaccinations have been reported as a triggering factor, and they may be a frequent cause of EM in childhood. A 19-year-old female developed several target lesions of the hands and feet 10 days after the second dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Clinico-histologically, a diagnosis of EM minor was made. Treatment with topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines resulted in complete clearance of the rash. Four months later, she received the last booster dose of the vaccine. A few subtle lesions appeared and disappeared spontaneously after a few days. Gardasil is a non-infectious vaccine, developed for the prevention of cervical cancer, precancerous genital lesions and genital warts. It delivers the major capsid (L1) protein of HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. Mild local reactions are the main adverse events. The only serious events are very rare cases of anaphylaxis. In our patient, the temporal relationship between the development of EM and the vaccination suggests that the HPV vaccine probably was the causal agent. This is the first published case of EM following HPV vaccination. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/erythema-multiforme-has-been-reported-possible-side-effect-vaccination-human-p#comments Erythema Vaccination: All Vaccination: HPV (Gardasil) Human Study Sun, 18 Apr 2010 21:08:08 +0000 greenmedinfo 54960 at https://greenmedinfo.com Fucoxanthin could be a novel adjuvant for preventing exacerbations associated with skin inflammation as well as protecting skin against UV radiation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/fucoxanthin-could-be-novel-adjuvant-preventing-exacerbations-associated-skin-i PMID:  Mar Drugs. 2018 Oct 10 ;16(10). Epub 2018 Oct 10. PMID: 30308980 Abstract Title:  Fucoxanthin-Containing Cream Prevents Epidermal Hyperplasia and UVB-Induced Skin Erythema in Mice. Abstract:  Microalgae represent a source of bio-active compounds such as carotenoids with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of fucoxanthin (FX) in both in vitro and in vivo skin models. Firstly, its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages and TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes, and its antioxidant activity in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Next, in vitro and ex vivo permeation studies were developed to determine the most suitable formulation for in vivo FX topical application. Then, we evaluated the effects of a FX-containing cream on TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia in mice, as well as on UVB-induced acute erythema in hairless mice. Our results confirmed the in vitro reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, ROS and LDH production. Since the permeation results showed that cream was the most favourable vehicle, FX-cream was elaborated. This formulation effectively ameliorated TPA-induced hyperplasia, by reducing skin edema, epidermal thickness, MPO activity and COX-2 expression. Moreover, FX-cream reduced UVB-induced erythema through down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS as well as up-regulation of HO-1 protein via Nrf-2 pathway. In conclusion, FX, administered in a topical formulation, could be a novel natural adjuvant for preventing exacerbations associated with skin inflammatory pathologies as well as protecting skin against UV radiation. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/fucoxanthin-could-be-novel-adjuvant-preventing-exacerbations-associated-skin-i" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/fucoxanthin-could-be-novel-adjuvant-preventing-exacerbations-associated-skin-i#comments Erythema Fucoxanthin Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Damage Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antioxidants Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors Heme oxygenase-1 up-regulation Interleukin-6 Downregulation Nrf2 activation Photoprotective Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha Inhibitor Animal Study Mon, 14 Jan 2019 17:37:05 +0000 greenmedinfo 177500 at https://greenmedinfo.com Green tea catechin association with ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-catechin-association-ultraviolet-radiation-induced-erythema PMID:  Molecules. 2021 Jun 17 ;26(12). Epub 2021 Jun 17. PMID: 34204433 Abstract Title:  Green Tea Catechin Association with Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Erythema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Abstract:  Catechins are a part of the chemical family of flavonoids, a naturally occurring antioxidant, and a secondary metabolite in certain plants. Green tea catechins are well recognized for their essential anti-inflammatory, photo-protective, antioxidant, and chemo-preventive functions. Ultraviolet radiation is a principal cause of damage to the skin. Studies observed that regular intake of green tea catechins increased the minimal dose of radiation required to induce erythema. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to determine the effectiveness of green tea catechins in cutaneous erythema and elucidate whether green tea catechin consumption protects against erythema (sunburn) inflammation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify the relevant studies. Two researchers carried out independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The pooled effect of green tea catechins on protection against erythema was assessed using approaches fixed-effects or random-effects model to quantify the effectiveness of green tea catechins in the erythema dose-response. Studies not be included in meta-analyses were summarized narratively. Six randomized controlled studies of enrolled studies regularly administrated green tea catechins orally for 6 to 12 weeks involving healthy volunteers comprising a total of 100 participants were included in the analysis. The results revealed green tea catechins have favorable protection against erythema inflammation even at increased minimal erythema dose (MED) of ultraviolet radiation. Meta-analysis results confirm oral supplementation of green tea catechins is highly effective at low-intensity ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema response (MED range; 1.25-1.30) compared to placebo, showing a significant pooling difference (= 0.002) in erythema index (SMD: -0.35; 95% CI, -0.57 to -0.13; I= 4%,= 0.40) in the random-effects model. The pro-inflammatory signaling pathways through oral supplementation with green tea catechins are an attractive strategy for photo-protection in healthy human subjects and could represent a complementary approach to topical sunscreens. Therefore, studies that involved green tea catechin in topical applications to human subjects were also evaluated separately, and their meta-analysis is presented as a reference. The evidence indicates that regular green tea catechin supplementation is associated with protection against UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-catechin-association-ultraviolet-radiation-induced-erythema" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-catechin-association-ultraviolet-radiation-induced-erythema#comments Catechin Erythema Green Tea Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Damage Anti-Inflammatory Agents Meta Analysis Review Sat, 03 Jul 2021 20:27:48 +0000 greenmedinfo 242137 at https://greenmedinfo.com Oleuropein has a protective effect against UVB irradiation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/oleuropein-has-protective-effect-against-uvb-irradiation PMID:  Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008 Apr;30(2):113-20. PMID: 18377620 Abstract Title:  Efficacy of oleuropein against UVB irradiation: preliminary evaluation. Abstract:  Oleuropein, a phenolic compound derived from olive leaves and oil, is known to possess several biological properties, many of which may be attributed to its antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. Nevertheless, up to now, the cosmetic activity of this molecule has not been extensively investigated. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of oleuropein against UVB-induced erythema. To this end, an emulsion and an emulgel containing oleuropein were prepared, applied and evaluated on healthy volunteers who had undergone UVB irradiation to investigate its protective and/or lenitive activity. Protective effect was assayed by application of topical preparations before irradiation and lenitive effect was evaluated after erythema induction. Vitamin E was used as the reference compound. Our study was carried out by using noninvasive techniques to assess specific skin parameters: barrier function, skin colour and microcirculation. Results clearly showed that oleuropein formulations highlighted lenitive efficacy by reducing erythema, transepidermal water loss and blood flow of about 22%, 35% and 30% respectively. The study allowed us to point out the lenitive property of oleuropein, opening the way to further trials to deepen our specific knowledge about this natural molecule, which could be used in association with other active ingredients in cosmetics to repair UV damages. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/oleuropein-has-protective-effect-against-uvb-irradiation#comments Erythema Oleuropein Skin Diseases: Photo-Aging Sunburn Antioxidants Animal Study Sat, 20 Feb 2010 16:56:25 +0000 greenmedinfo 52071 at https://greenmedinfo.com Quercetin is able to reduce redness, itching, and inflammation of damaged skin; it may also help restore skin barrier function. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/quercetin-able-reduce-redness-itching-and-inflammation-damaged-skin-it-may-als PMID:  Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016 ;9:55-62. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PMID: 27013898 Abstract Title:  Soothing and anti-itch effect of quercetin phytosome in human subjects: a single-blind study. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: We evaluated the ability of quercetin, a natural antioxidant formulated in a specific delivery system, to reduce skin inflammation induced by a variety of stimuli, including UV radiation, stimulation with a histamine solution, or contact with chemical irritants. In particular, we tested the soothing and anti-itch effect of Quercevita(®), 1% cream for external use, a formulation characterized by a phospholipids-based delivery system.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was a monocentric, single blind trial that enrolled a group of 30 healthy volunteers. The back of each subject was examined to identify four quadrants with no previous skin damage or naevi that were treated in order to induce a controlled and reversible form of skin stress. The areas were treated as follows: no product; Quercevita(®) 1% cream, 2 mg/cm(2); placebo; positive control (a commercially available topical formulation containing 1% dexchlorpheniramine).RESULTS: Only quercetin phospholipids 1% and dexchlorpheniramine 1% achieved a significant reduction in erythema with comparable results: (-10.05% [P=0.00329] for quercetin phospholipids 1% vs -14.05% [P=0.00046] for the positive control). Moreover, quercetin phospholipids 1% and dexchlorpheniramine 1% were both associated with a significant decrease in mean wheal diameter: (-13.25% and -12.23% for dexchlorpheniramine 1%, respectively). Similar findings were reported for the other tested parameters.CONCLUSION: Quercetin has a skin protective effect against damage caused by a variety of insults, including UV radiation, histamine, or contact with toxic chemical compounds. Indeed, quercetin is able to reduce redness, itching, and inflammation of damaged skin; it may also help restore skin barrier function, increasing hydration, and reducing water loss. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/quercetin-able-reduce-redness-itching-and-inflammation-damaged-skin-it-may-als#comments Allergies Erythema Inflammation Itching Quercetin Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Damage Anti-Allergic Agents Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antioxidants Dermatologic Agents Photoprotective Human Study Tue, 29 Mar 2016 18:25:48 +0000 greenmedinfo 125403 at https://greenmedinfo.com Sage extract is as effective as hydrocortisone in the topical treatment of erythema. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/sage-extract-effective-hydrocortisone-topical-treatment-erythema PMID:  Planta Med. 2007 Sep;73(11):1190-1. Epub 2007 Aug 23. PMID: 17713873 Abstract Title:  Sage extract rich in phenolic diterpenes inhibits ultraviolet-induced erythema in vivo. Abstract:  The leaves of sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) contain high amounts of phenolic diterpenes such as carnosol and carnosic acid. These compounds display antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Here, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory potency of a sage extract (SE) rich in phenolic diterpenes in vivo using the ultraviolet (UV) erythema test. In a prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study, test areas on the backs of 40 healthy volunteers were irradiated with the 1.5-fold minimal erythema dose. Subsequently, the test areas were treated occlusively with 2% SE in a hydrophilic ointment, compared to 1% hydrocortisone and 0.1% betamethasone as positive controls, and the vehicle alone as placebo. Erythema values were measured photometrically prior to irradiation and after 48 hours. Compared to placebo, SE significantly reduced the ultraviolet-induced erythema, to a similar extent as hydrocortisone. These data suggest that SE might be useful in the topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/sage-extract-effective-hydrocortisone-topical-treatment-erythema#comments Erythema Sage Natural Substances Versus Drugs Human Study Mon, 20 Apr 2009 06:12:43 +0000 greenmedinfo 42314 at https://greenmedinfo.com Treatment of mosquito bites with the homeopathic after-bite gel will reduce the erythema compared to no treatment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/treatment-mosquito-bites-homeopathic-after-bite-gel-will-reduce-erythema-compa PMID:  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 ;49(1-2):103-8. PMID: 8751030 Abstract Title:  A placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema. Abstract:  A randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in the symptomatic relief of mosquito bites. Sixty eight healthy volunteers were bitten under laboratory conditions by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at three spots, on the ventral aspect of the forearm. One bite was treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel, another bite with a placebo gel which was identical in appearance and smell to the homeopathic after-bite gel, and the third bite remained untreated. Immediately after the bites and 1, 3, 6, 26 and 31 hours post-bite, the length and width of the erythema were measured with a calliper, and photographs were taken of the bite sites from which the size of the erythema was subsequently determined. This was followed by assessment of the extent of itching with a verbal analogue scale, and finally treatment took place. For each spot the total erythema was calculated as the area under the plotted curve of the erythema at different time points (mm2*h) and the total sum of the itch scores was determined. For the bites treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel the median total erythema was 10.500 mm2*h. For the spots treated with the placebo gel and the untreated spots the median total erythema was 12.900 mm2*h and 13.300 mm2*h, respectively. The difference between the spots treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel and the untreated spots came close to significance (two-tailed P = 0.06), which was not the case for the difference between the spots treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel and the spots treated with placebo gel (P = 0.13). After pooling the data of a very similar previous pilot study and the present study (ntotal = 83), the homeopathic after-bite gel was significantly superior to no treatment (two-tailed P = 0.003) as well as to placebo gel (two-tailed P = 0.03). Comparing itching after the three treatments, no significant differences could be demonstrated. The extent of itching was positively correlated with the area of the erythema (r = 0.63). Treatment of mosquito bites with the homeopathic after-bite gel will reduce the erythema compared to no treatment. Comparison with the placebo gel suggests it is the plant extracts which are the active components of this gel. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/treatment-mosquito-bites-homeopathic-after-bite-gel-will-reduce-erythema-compa#comments Erythema Homeopathic Medicine: All Dermatologic Agents Mosquito Bites Plant Extracts Human Study Wed, 13 May 2015 16:25:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 117356 at https://greenmedinfo.com Vacccination for DPT, Hepatitis B and influenza has been reported to be associated with the development of erythema multiforme in an infant. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vacccination-dpt-hepatitis-b-and-influenza-has-been-reported-be-associated-dev PMID:  Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 May-Jun;74(3):251-3. PMID: 18583795 Abstract Title:  Erythema multiforme following vaccination in an infant. Abstract:  Erythema multiforme is a cutaneous reaction pattern precipitated by varied agents, notably herpes simplex and drugs. It predominantly occurs in adolescents and young adults but may be seen at other ages also. While vaccination is rarely a precipitating factor for erythema multiforme, it may occasionally be seen in infants and children. We report here a case of a two month-old infant with lesions of erythema multiforme minor appearing after two weeks following vaccination for DPT, Hepatitis B and influenza. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vacccination-dpt-hepatitis-b-and-influenza-has-been-reported-be-associated-dev#comments Erythema Vaccine-induced Toxicity Vaccination: All Vaccination: Hepatitis B Vaccination: Influenza Human Study Wed, 17 Mar 2010 20:26:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 53467 at https://greenmedinfo.com