Child Mortality https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/29214/all en Co-administration of live measles and yellow fever vaccines and inactivated pentavalent vaccines is associated with increased mortality compared with measles and yellow fever vaccines only. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/co-administration-live-measles-and-yellow-fever-vaccines-and-inactivated-penta Abstract Title:  Co-administration of live measles and yellow fever vaccines and inactivated pentavalent vaccines is associated with increased mortality compared with measles and yellow fever vaccines only. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Studies from low-income countries indicate that co-administration of inactivated diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine and live attenuated measles vaccine (MV) is associated with increased mortality compared with receiving MV only. Pentavalent (DTP-H. Influenza type B-Hepatitis B) vaccine is replacing DTP in many low-income countries and yellow fever vaccine (YF) has been introduced to be given together with MV. Pentavalent and YF vaccines were introduced in Guinea-Bissau in 2008. We investigated whether co-administration of pentavalent vaccine with MV and yellow fever vaccine has similar negative effects. METHODS: In 2007-2011, we conducted a randomised placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A at routine vaccination contacts among children aged 6-23 months in urban and rural Guinea-Bissau. In the present study, we included 2331 children randomised to placebo who received live vaccines only (MV or MV+YF) or a combination of live and inactivated vaccines (MV+DTP or MV+YF+pentavalent). Mortality was compared in Cox proportional hazards models stratified for urban/rural enrolment adjusted for age and unevenly distributed baseline factors. RESULTS: While DTP was still used 685 children received MV only and 358 MV+DTP; following the change in programme, 940 received MV+YF only and 348 MV+YF+pentavalent. During 6 months of follow-up, the adjusted mortality rate ratio (MRR) for co-administered live and inactivated vaccines compared with live vaccines only was 3.24 (1.20-8.73). For MV+YF+pentavalent compared with MV+YF only, the adjusted MRR was 7.73 (1.79-33.4). CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies of DTP, the present results indicate that pentavalent vaccine co-administered with MV and YF is associated with increased mortality. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/co-administration-live-measles-and-yellow-fever-vaccines-and-inactivated-penta#comments Child Mortality Vaccination: All Vaccine Human Study Sun, 15 Dec 2013 00:14:00 +0000 greenmedinfo 110744 at https://greenmedinfo.com Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/combined-exposure-endocrine-disrupting-pesticides-impairs-parturition-causes-p PMID:  Int J Androl. 2010 Apr;33(2):434-42. PMID: 20487043 Abstract Title:  Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats. Abstract:  Risk assessment is currently based on the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for single compounds. Humans are exposed to a mixture of chemicals and recent studies in our laboratory have shown that combined exposure to endocrine disrupters can cause adverse effects on male sexual development, even though the doses of the single compounds are below their individual NOAELs for anti-androgenic effects. Consequently, we have initiated a large project where the purpose is to study mixture effects of endocrine disrupting pesticides at low doses. In the initial range-finding mixture studies, rats were gavaged during gestation and lactation with five doses of a mixture of the fungicides procymidone, mancozeb, epoxyconazole, tebuconazole and prochloraz. The mixture ratio was chosen according to the doses of each individual pesticide that produced no observable effects on pregnancy length and pup survival in our laboratory and the dose levels used ranged from 25 to 100% of this mixture. All dose levels caused increased gestation length and dose levels above 25% caused impaired parturition leading to markedly decreased number of live born offspring and high pup perinatal mortality. The sexual differentiation of the pups was affected at 25% and higher as anogenital distance was affected in both male and female offspring at birth and the male offspring exhibited malformations of the genital tubercle, increased nipple retention, and decreased prostate and epididymis weights at pup day 13. The results show that doses of endocrine disrupting pesticides, which appear to induce no effects on gestation length, parturition and pup mortality when judged on their own, induced marked adverse effects on these endpoints in concert with other pesticides. In addition, the sexual differentiation of the offspring was affected. This as well as the predictability of the combination effects based on dose-additivity modelling will be studied further in a large dose-response study. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/combined-exposure-endocrine-disrupting-pesticides-impairs-parturition-causes-p#comments Child Mortality Sexual Development: Dysfunctions and Abnormalities Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides Animal Study Sat, 25 Sep 2010 17:49:07 +0000 greenmedinfo 57162 at https://greenmedinfo.com Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) in topical form has been associated with a lethal reaction in a child. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/diphenhydramine-benadryl-topical-form-has-been-associated-lethal-reaction-chil PMID:  Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009 Dec;30(4):380-1. PMID: 19901814 Abstract Title:  Death of a child from topical diphenhydramine. Abstract:  Diphenhydramine is a drug readily available over the counter in the form of capsules, tablets, and syrup used for allergy relief. A topical form is sold as a cream without a prescription to alleviate itching. Diphenhydramine is a drug commonly found in postmortem toxicology reports. In rare instances, death is attributed to ingestion of lethal concentrations of the drug. Herein is a report of a toddler who died of lethal concentrations of diphenhydramine from topical application. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/diphenhydramine-benadryl-topical-form-has-been-associated-lethal-reaction-chil#comments Child Mortality Diphenhydramine Human Study Wed, 10 Mar 2010 22:29:06 +0000 greenmedinfo 53383 at https://greenmedinfo.com Evidence exists demonstrating that diptheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines increase mortality in children. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/evidence-exists-demonstrating-diptheria-tetanus-pertussis-dtp-vaccines-increas PMID:  Trop Med Int Health. 2007 Jan;12(1):15-24. PMID: 17207144 Abstract Title:  DTP vaccination and child survival in observational studies with incomplete vaccination data. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Observational studies of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine from longitudinal study sites have reported divergent effects on child survival, ranging from 10-fold reduction to threefold increased mortality. None of these studies had complete information on DTP vaccinations from both survivors and children who died. We reviewed the data analysis methodology to assess whether methodological differences could explain the divergent results. DESIGN: Studies have used case-control design, survival analysis with interval-fixed vaccination status (landmark approach), and survival analysis with retrospective updating of vaccination status. RESULTS: Seven studies using a case-control design or a landmark approach found a negative effect of DTP on child survival. Eight of nine survival analyses with retrospective updating of vaccination status reported a beneficial effect. This beneficial effect of DTP increased with the length of the interval between data collection visits. Studies with long interval between visits had very high mortality rates among unvaccinated children, low mortality rate ratios for vaccinated compared with unvaccinated children, and strongly beneficial estimates of DTP. CONCLUSION: The divergent results in observational studies of the impact of DTP on child survival are partly because of methodological differences. To assess the impact on mortality of routine vaccinations, observational study designs which minimize the effect of bias are warranted. Randomized trials should be considered. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/evidence-exists-demonstrating-diptheria-tetanus-pertussis-dtp-vaccines-increas#comments Child Mortality Vaccine-induced Toxicity Vaccination: All Human Study Sun, 22 Nov 2009 19:18:23 +0000 greenmedinfo 47960 at https://greenmedinfo.com Hiding Vaccine-Related Deaths With Semantic Sleight-of-Hand https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/hiding-vaccine-related-deaths-semantic-sleight-hand <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2017<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/blank.justin/images/HidingVaccine-RelatedDeathsWithSemanticSleightofHand.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 315px;" /></p> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:14px;"><em><strong>This article was originally published on&nbsp;<a href="http://worldmercuryproject.org" rel="dofollow" target="_blank">worldmercuryproject.org</a>&nbsp;and republished with permission. To view the original article, click <a href="https://worldmercuryproject.org/what-we-do/hiding-vaccine-related-deaths-semantic-sleight-hand/" rel="dofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.&nbsp;</strong></em></span></p><p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/hiding-vaccine-related-deaths-semantic-sleight-hand" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/hiding-vaccine-related-deaths-semantic-sleight-hand#comments Child Mortality Diphtheria Hepatitis B Pertussis Sudden Death Tetanus Infant and Children's Heatlh Vaccination: All Vaccine Adjuvants Vaccine Effects vaccines anti-vaccine Are vaccines safe? corruption in science Mortality Tue, 18 Jul 2017 20:15:46 +0000 RFK 150584 at https://greenmedinfo.com High-titer measles vaccination before 9 months of age has been linked to increased female mortality. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/high-titer-measles-vaccination-9-months-age-has-been-linked-increased-female-m PMID:  Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2003 Jul;14(3):220-32. PMID: 12913835 Abstract Title:  High-titer measles vaccination before 9 months of age and increased female mortality: do we have an explanation? Abstract:  In 1989, high-titer (HT) Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine with a titer more than 10(4.7) plaque-forming-units was recommended by the World Health Organization for use in areas with a high incidence of measles in children younger than 9 months. In 1992, the recommendation was rescinded following reports from Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Haiti showing an increased incidence of female mortality occurring after administration of HT Edmonston-Zagreb vaccination. We reviewed 9 studies of HT measles vaccines that reported data on mortality. These reports included 4 randomized trials comparing HT vaccine administered to children younger than 9 months with standard-titer (ST) vaccines (10(3.0) to 10(4.0) plaque-forming-units) given at 9 months of age. Five studies from Zaire, Haiti, Senegal, Rwanda, and Zaire had no control group receiving ST vaccine at 9 months of age, but investigators were able to examine the female-to-male mortality ratio within these HT studies. Investigators have hypothesized that HT vaccine had caused immune suppression similar to that of measles infection. The present review suggests first that the HT vaccine itself is unlikely to be the cause because the effect was not found in all studies. Second, the increased mortality started only after 9 to 10 months of age when controls received ST measles vaccine, and HT groups received the &quot;control vaccine.&quot; It was not found in the studies that provided another measles vaccine instead of control vaccine. Third, because the HT studies with excess mortality rates showed increased female mortality rates, we need to find environmental or contextual conditions associated with increased female mortality rates in some studies to explain the problem associated with HT measles vaccination. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/high-titer-measles-vaccination-9-months-age-has-been-linked-increased-female-m#comments Child Mortality Measles Vaccination: All Vaccination: Measles Human Study Fri, 10 Dec 2010 01:40:20 +0000 greenmedinfo 59452 at https://greenmedinfo.com Measles vaccination in developing countries has resulted in higher infant mortality rates. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/measles-vaccination-developing-countries-has-resulted-higher-infant-mortality- PMID:  BMJ. 1993 Nov 20;307(6915):1294-5. PMID: 8257878 Abstract Title:  Lessons from measles vaccination in developing countries. Abstract:  PIP: Difficulties in reaching and sustaining high enough coverage combined with the need to delay vaccination until most infants have lost maternal antibodies make it hard to control measles with standard titres of measles vaccine. Maternal antibodies are no longer a factor in infants after 9 months in developing countries and after 15 months in developed countries. It would be good to have a vaccine which is effective in younger infants in order to protect them before they are exposed to natural measles infection. Attendance at vaccination sessions also tends to fall as children grow older. Since the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine proved immunogenic in high concentration at ages 4-6 months in several countries, the World Health Organization in 1989 recommended using it in countries where measles before the age of 9 months is a major cause of death. A shortage of high-titre vaccines, however, led to delays in implementing this recommendation. The recommendation was subsequently rescinded after data from 3 countries with high background infant mortality revealed increased overall mortality among children receiving high-titre vaccines at 4-6 months compared with recipients of standard titre vaccines at age 9-10 months. This effect would probably not have been detected had the trials not been carried out with long-term mortality as an end point. These findings realerted the scientific community and funding agencies to measles, sparked the development and implementation of new technological approaches to develop measles vaccines which may be effective in the first few months of life, and prompted public health authorities to adopt new strategies. For now, early schedules of 2 vaccine doses given in the 1st year of life have been recommended in developing country populations at risk of measles morbidity and mortality before 9 months of age. Even though a recent analysis by Aaby et al. found that mortality declines unexpectedly with standard titre vaccine before 9 months of age, the relative efficacy and safety of this double-dose approach has yet to be formally tested. The finding of excess mortality after high-titre vaccines has also focused attention on immune function after measles and measles vaccines. It is suspected that high-titre vaccines cause long-term disruption of immune function, including an imbalance in the type of helper T cell response. Aaby et al. also suggest that standard-titre vaccines reduce overall mortality by general immunostimulation. The authors conclude by urging that vaccinations be introduced only after rigorous trials have been conducted with mortality as an end point. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/measles-vaccination-developing-countries-has-resulted-higher-infant-mortality-#comments Child Mortality Measles Vaccine-induced Toxicity Vaccination: All Vaccination: Measles Review Fri, 10 Dec 2010 01:46:31 +0000 greenmedinfo 59453 at https://greenmedinfo.com The global burden of childhood coeliac disease is likely a neglected component of diarrhoeal mortality. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/global-burden-childhood-coeliac-disease-likely-neglected-component-diarrhoeal- PMID:  PLoS One. 2011 ;6(7):e22774. Epub 2011 Jul 26. PMID: 21818388 Abstract Title:  The global burden of childhood coeliac disease: a neglected component of diarrhoeal mortality? Abstract:  OBJECTIVES: Coeliac disease has emerged as an increasingly recognised public health problem over the last half-century, and is now coming to be seen as a global phenomenon, despite a profound lack of globally representative epidemiological data. Since children with coeliac disease commonly present with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition, diagnosis is often overlooked, particularly in poorer settings where children often fail to thrive and water-borne infectious diarrhoeas are common. This is the first attempt to make global estimates of the burden of coeliac disease in childhood. METHODS: We built a relatively crude model of childhood coeliac disease, incorporating estimates of population prevalence, probability of non-diagnosis, and likelihood of mortality among the undiagnosed across all countries from 1970 to 2010, based around the few available data. All our assumptions are stated in the paper and the model is available as a supplementary file. FINDINGS: Our model suggests that in 2010 there were around 2.2 million children under 5 years of age living with coeliac disease. Among these children there could be 42,000 deaths related to coeliac disease annually. In 2008, deaths related to coeliac disease probably accounted for approximately 4% of all childhood diarrhoeal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although coeliac disease may only account for a small proportion of diarrhoeal mortality, these deaths are not preventable by applying normal diarrhoea treatment guidelines, which may even involve gluten-based food supplements. As other causes of diarrhoeal mortality decline, coeliac disease will become a proportionately increasing problem unless consideration is given to trying gluten-free diets for children with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/global-burden-childhood-coeliac-disease-likely-neglected-component-diarrhoeal-#comments Celiac Disease Child Mortality Diarrhea: in Children Gluten Human Study Thu, 09 Feb 2012 23:08:49 +0000 greenmedinfo 71138 at https://greenmedinfo.com These findings suggest that antipsychotic use is associated with increased risk of unexpected death among children and youths. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/these-findings-suggest-antipsychotic-use-associated-increased-risk-unexpected- PMID:  JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 12. Epub 2018 Dec 12. PMID: 30540347 Abstract Title:  Association of Antipsychotic Treatment With Risk of Unexpected Death Among Children and Youths. Abstract:  Importance: Children and youths who are prescribed antipsychotic medications have multiple, potentially fatal, dose-related cardiovascular, metabolic, and other adverse events, but whether or not these medications are associated with an increased risk of death is unknown.Objective: To compare the risk of unexpected death among children and youths who are beginning treatment with antipsychotic or control medications.Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 1999 through 2014 and included Medicaid enrollees aged 5 to 24 years in Tennessee who had no diagnosis of severe somatic illness, schizophrenia or related psychoses, or Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 2017, to August 15, 2018.Exposures: Current, new antipsychotic medication use at doses higher than 50 mg (higher-dose group) or 50 mg or lower chlorpromazine equivalents (lower-dose group) as well as control medications (ie, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications, antidepressants, or mood stabilizers) (control group).Main Outcomes and Measures: Deaths during study follow-up while out of hospital or within 7 days after hospital admission, classified as either deaths due to injury or suicide or unexpected deaths. Secondary outcomes were unexpected deaths not due to overdose and death due to cardiovascular or metabolic causes.Results: This study included 189 361 children and youths in the control group (mean [SD] age, 12.0 [5.1] years; 43.4% female), 28 377 in the lower-dose group (mean [SD] age, 11.7 [4.4] years; 32.3% female), and 30 120 in the higher-dose group (mean [SD] age, 14.5 [4.8] years; 39.2% female). The unadjusted incidence of deathin the higher-dose group was 146.2 per 100 000 person-years (40 deaths per 27 354 person-years), which was significantly greater than that in the control group (54.5 per 100 000 population; 67 deaths per 123 005 person-years) (P <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/these-findings-suggest-antipsychotic-use-associated-increased-risk-unexpected-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/these-findings-suggest-antipsychotic-use-associated-increased-risk-unexpected-#comments Child Mortality Antipsychotic Drugs Increased Risk Human Study Thu, 13 Dec 2018 19:59:20 +0000 greenmedinfo 175685 at https://greenmedinfo.com Vaccines and flu shots containing mercury may contribute to severe neurological diseases and/or death in children. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vaccines-and-flu-shots-containing-mercury-may-contribute-severe-neurological-d PMID:  J Pediatr. 2009 Apr;154(4):514-520.e4. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PMID: 19205900 Abstract Title:  Are toxic biometals destroying your children&#039;s future? Abstract:  Cadmium, arsenic, lead, and mercury have been linked to autism, attention deficit disorder, mental retardation and death of children. Mercury in thimerosal found in many vaccines and flu shots contributes significantly to these problems. Decomposition of the thimerosal can produce more toxic compounds, either methylethylmercury or diethylmercury, in the body. These compounds have a toxicity level similar to dimethylmercury. Within the human body, a mitochondrial disorder may release the more toxic form of mercury internally. Young children and pregnant women must minimize internal exposure to the vaccines and flu shots containing mercury. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vaccines-and-flu-shots-containing-mercury-may-contribute-severe-neurological-d#comments Attention Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Autism Autism Spectrum Disorders Child Mortality Infant Mortality Mental Retardation Vaccine-induced Toxicity Vaccination: All Thimerosal Commentary Wed, 02 Sep 2009 01:28:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 46759 at https://greenmedinfo.com Vitamin A supplementation is effective in preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vitamin-supplementation-effective-preventing-morbidity-and-mortality-children- PMID:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD008524. Epub 2010 Dec 8. PMID: 21154399 Abstract Title:  Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem in low and middle income countries affecting 190 million children under 5. VAD can lead to many adverse health consequences, including death.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) for preventing morbidity and mortality in children aged 6 months to 5 years.SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2010 Issue 2), MEDLINE (1950 to April Week 2 2010), EMBASE (1980 to 2010 Week 16), Global Health (1973 to March 2010), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), metaRegister of Controlled Trials and African Index Medicus (27 April 2010).SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs evaluating the effect of synthetic VAS in children aged 6 months to 5 years living in the community. We excluded studies concerned with children in hospital and children with disease or infection. We excluded studies evaluating the effects of food fortification, consumption of vitamin A rich foods or beta-carotene supplementation.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. Data were double abstracted and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Meta-analyses were performed for outcomes including all-cause and cause-specific mortality, disease, vision, and side-effects.MAIN RESULTS: 43 trials involving 215,633 children were included. A meta-analysis for all-cause mortality included 17 trials comprising 194,795 children with 3536 deaths in both groups. At follow-up, there was a 24% observed reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality for Vitamin A compared with Control (Relative risk (RR) = 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69, 0.83]). Seven trials reported diarrhoea mortality and a 28% overall reduction for VAS (RR = 0.72 [0.57, 0.91]). There was no significant effect of VAS on cause specific mortality of measles, respiratory disease and meningitis. VAS reduced incidence of diarrhoea (RR = 0.85 [0.82, 0.87]) and measles morbidity (RR = 0.50 [0.37, 0.67]); however, there was no significant effect on incidence of respiratory disease or hospitalisations due to diarrhoea or pneumonia. There was an increased risk of vomiting within the first 48 hours of VAS (RR = 2.75 [1.81, 4.19]).AUTHORS&#039; CONCLUSIONS: VAS is effective in reducing all-cause mortality by about 24% compared to no treatment. In our opinion, given the evidence that VAS causes considerable reduction in child mortality, further placebo-controlled trials of VAS in children between 6 months and 5 years of age are not required. There is a need for further studies comparing different doses and delivery mechanisms (for example, fortification). https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vitamin-supplementation-effective-preventing-morbidity-and-mortality-children-#comments Child Mortality Infant Mortality Mortality: All-Cause Vitamin A Meta Analysis Risk Reduction Sun, 16 Jan 2011 15:36:38 +0000 greenmedinfo 60197 at https://greenmedinfo.com