Animal Diseases: Infectious https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/42066/all en A vaccine developed for bison resulted in inducing placentitis and abortion in pregnant cows. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vaccine-developed-bison-resulted-inducing-placentitis-and-abortion-pregnant-co PMID:  Am J Vet Res. 1996 Nov;57(11):1604-7. PMID: 8915438 Abstract Title:  Abortion and placentitis in pregnant bison (Bison bison) induced by the vaccine candidate, Brucella abortus strain RB51. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccination. ANIMALS: 10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months&#039; gestation. PROCEDURE: Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Two cows, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks after vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion. After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy. RESULTS: Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51. Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cells that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen. Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however, strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine candidate B abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vaccine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vaccine-developed-bison-resulted-inducing-placentitis-and-abortion-pregnant-co#comments Abortion: Spontaneous Animal Diseases: Infectious Vaccination: Abortion Vaccine-induced Toxicity Vaccination: All Vaccination: Animal Model Animal Study Sat, 13 Nov 2010 02:15:58 +0000 greenmedinfo 58689 at https://greenmedinfo.com A water extract of Thyme inhibited Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/water-extract-thyme-inhibited-brachyspira-hyodysenteriae-causative-agent-swine PMID:  Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2016 Dec ;63(4):467-473. Epub 2016 Dec 8. PMID: 27929352 Abstract Title:  The in vitro effect of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extract on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Abstract:  Filtrates of a water extract of commercially available garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) were used for studying its possible bactericidal effect on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, by agar-diffusion technique. Five of the six studied Brachyspira strains have proven to be sensitive and one moderately sensitive in the in vitro tests. It was concluded that water extract of garden thyme possesses inhibitory effects against B. hyodysenteriae. In vivo experiments are needed to check the validity of this conclusion. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/water-extract-thyme-inhibited-brachyspira-hyodysenteriae-causative-agent-swine" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/water-extract-thyme-inhibited-brachyspira-hyodysenteriae-causative-agent-swine#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Thyme Anti-Bacterial Agents Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Wed, 18 Jan 2017 02:03:23 +0000 greenmedinfo 142128 at https://greenmedinfo.com Andrographolide inhibits infectious bronchitis virus-induced apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-induced-apoptosis-pyropto PMID:  Antivir Ther. 2023 Oct ;28(5):13596535231207499. PMID: 37846668 Abstract Title:  Andrographolide inhibits infectious bronchitis virus-induced apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes a huge economic loss to the poultry industry. Andrographolide (APL) is a compound with a variety of pharmacological properties, including antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, APL was evaluated for antiviral activity by its anti-apoptotic, anti-pyroptosis, and anti-inflammatory effects.METHODS: The cytotoxicity of APL was determined by the MTT method. We investigated the therapeutic impact of APL on IBV through a plate assay. We explored that APL inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation in HD11 cells by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Also, it was verified in the clinical chicken embryo trial.RESULTS: We found that APL down-regulated apoptosis-related genes Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Bax, Bid, and Bak, down-regulated pyroptosis gene DFNA5, and down-regulated inflammation-related genes (NF-κB, NLRP3, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β). In addition, APL reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells. Finally, clinical trials showed that APL inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation, as well as reduced the mortality and malformation of chicken embryos.CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we delved into the antiviral properties of APL in the context of chicken macrophage (HD11) infection with IBV. Our findings confirm that andrographolide effectively inhibits apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation by IBV infection. Furthermore, this inhibition was verified on chicken embryos in vivo. This inhibition suggests a substantial potential for APL as a therapeutic agent to mitigate the harmful effects of IBV on host cells. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-induced-apoptosis-pyropto" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-induced-apoptosis-pyropto#comments Andrographis Animal Diseases: Infectious Inflammation Anti-Apoptotic Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antiviral Agents Animal Study Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:20:12 +0000 greenmedinfo 289784 at https://greenmedinfo.com Antiviral activity and underlying mechanisms of baicalin against avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antiviral-activity-and-underlying-mechanisms-baicalin-against-avian-infectious PMID:  Avian Pathol. 2022 Aug 2:1-36. Epub 2022 Aug 2. PMID: 35917182 Abstract Title:  Antiviral activity and underlying mechanisms of Baicalin against avian infectious bronchitis virus in. Abstract:  Baicalin, a flavonoid compound extracted from the dry root ofGeorgi, has been shown to have anti-inflammation, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, the effect of baicalin against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-IBV activity and underlying mechanism of baicalin in. The results showed that baicalin has a direct virucidal effect but no prophylactic effect on IBV infection. The mRNA and protein of IBV N were decreased obviously when IBV-infected cells were treated with baicalin during the multiple stages of the virus replication cycle, including viral adsorption, invasion, internalization, and release. Stress granule (SG) formation resulted from the increase of G3BP1 and the phosphorylation of the PKR/eIF2α due to the treatment of IBV-infected cells with baicalin. The inhibitory activity of baicalin on IBV replication was increased when G3BP1 expression was inhibited, and the down-regulation of G3BP1 expression occurred when the expression of PKR and eIF2α was inhibited. These findings revealed that baicalin activates phosphorylation of PKR/eIF2α pathway and induces SG formation by targeting G3BP1, initiating the antiviral response to suppress IBV replication on Vero cell. The results suggest that baicalin is a promising candidate drug to treat or prevent IBV infection. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antiviral-activity-and-underlying-mechanisms-baicalin-against-avian-infectious" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antiviral-activity-and-underlying-mechanisms-baicalin-against-avian-infectious#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Flavonoids Antiviral Agents In Vitro Study Wed, 07 Sep 2022 21:12:01 +0000 greenmedinfo 263048 at https://greenmedinfo.com Apigenin inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication in ovo. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apigenin-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-replication-ovo PMID:  Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Aug ;26(15):5367-5371. PMID: 35993630 Abstract Title:  Apigenin inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication in ovo. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), for which no effective drugs are available, is among the most important causes of economic loss within the poultry industry. Apigenin is a flavonoid that can be isolated from plants. Apigenin has low toxicity with anti-viral activity. However, the effects of apigenin against IBV remain unclear.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thus, here we investigate the anti-viral effect of apigenin on IBV using 10 day-old embryonated eggs by determining the virus titer by embryo infective doses50 (EID50/mL) and determining IBV genomes copy number (perµL) of allantoic fluid.RESULTS: We found that apigenin protected embryonated eggs from IBV. Additionally, apigenin reduced the log titer of the IBV with a significant correlation of up to 9.4 times at 2µg/egg. Also, apigenin appears to significantly reduce IBV genomes copy number (per µL) in the allantoic fluid.CONCLUSIONS: Apigenin may be a promising approach for the treatment of IBV, since it protects embryonated eggs from IBV in ovo and suppresses viral replication. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apigenin-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-replication-ovo" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apigenin-inhibits-infectious-bronchitis-virus-replication-ovo#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Apigenin Antiviral Agents Animal Study Fri, 26 Aug 2022 21:54:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 262470 at https://greenmedinfo.com Artesunate inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artesunate-inhibits-porcine-reproductive-and-respiratory-syndrome-virus-replic PMID:  J Virol. 2021 Nov 17:JVI0148721. Epub 2021 Nov 17. PMID: 34787456 Abstract Title:  The Antimalaria Drug Artesunate Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication via Activating AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways. Abstract:  Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, vaccine strategies provide limited protection against PRRSV transmission, and no effective drug is commercially available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiviral strategies to prevent PRRSV pandemics. This study showed that artesunate (AS), one of the antimalarial drugs, potently suppressed PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells andprimary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this suppression was closely associated with AS-activated AMPK (energy homeostasis) and Nrf2/HO-1 (inflammation) signaling pathways. AS treatment promoted p-AMPK, Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and thus inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 and PAM cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects of AS were reversed when AMPK or HO-1 gene was silenced by siRNA. In addition, we demonstrated that AMPK works upstream of Nrf2/HO-1 as its activation by AS is AMPK-dependent. Adenosine phosphate analysis showed that AS activates AMPK via improving AMP/ADP:ATP ratio rather than direct interaction with AMPK. Altogether, our findings indicate that AS could be a promising novel therapeutics for controlling PRRSV and that its anti-PRRSV mechanism, which involves the functional link between energy homeostasis and inflammation suppression pathways, may provide opportunities for developing novel antiviral agents.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections have been continuously threatened the pork industry worldwide. Vaccination strategies provide very limited protection against PRRSV infection, and no effective drug is commercially available. We show that artesunate (AS), one of the antimalarial drugs, is a potent inhibitor against PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells andprimary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that AS inhibits PRRSV replication via activation of AMPK-dependent Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, revealing a novel link between energy homeostasis (AMPK) and inflammation suppression (Nrf2/HO-1) during viral infection. Therefore, we believe that AS may be a promising novel therapeutics for controlling PRRSV, and its anti-PRRSV mechanism may provide a potential strategy to develop novel antiviral agents. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artesunate-inhibits-porcine-reproductive-and-respiratory-syndrome-virus-replic" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artesunate-inhibits-porcine-reproductive-and-respiratory-syndrome-virus-replic#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Artesunate Antiviral Agents Animal Study Sun, 23 Jan 2022 19:36:26 +0000 greenmedinfo 252114 at https://greenmedinfo.com Certain probiotics could potentially prevent postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows, ultimately reducing the use of antibiotics. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/certain-probiotics-could-potentially-prevent-postpartum-uterine-diseases-dairy PMID:  Inflammation. 2016 Aug ;39(4):1483-94. PMID: 27236308 Abstract Title:  Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Limits Escherichia coli-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Attenuating MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathway Activation in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Abstract:  Intrauterine Escherichia coli infection after calving reduces fertility and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. We investigated the protective effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 on E. coli-induced cell damage and inflammation in primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs). L. rhamnosus GR-1 reduced ultrastructure alterations and the percentage of BEECs apoptosis after E. coli challenge. Increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of immune response indicators, including pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptor [TLR]2, TLR4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]1, and NOD2), inflammasome proteins (NOD-like receptor family member pyrin domain-containing protein 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1), TLR4 downstream adaptor molecules (myeloid differentiation antigen 88 [MyD88], toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2 [TICAM2]), nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kB), and the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-β, was observed following E. coli challenge. However, these increases were attenuated by L. rhamnosus GR-1 pretreatment. Our data indicate that L. rhamnosus GR-1 ameliorates the E. coli-induced disruption of cellular ultrastructure, subsequently reducing the percentage of BEECs apoptosis and limiting inflammatory responses, partly via attenuation of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathway activation. Certain probiotics could potentially prevent postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows, ultimately reducing the useof antibiotics. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/certain-probiotics-could-potentially-prevent-postpartum-uterine-diseases-dairy" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/certain-probiotics-could-potentially-prevent-postpartum-uterine-diseases-dairy#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Escherichia coli Infections Lactobacillus rhamnosus Animal Study Fri, 24 Nov 2017 21:38:58 +0000 greenmedinfo 156338 at https://greenmedinfo.com Curcumol inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus by promoting IFN-β secretion. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/curcumol-inhibits-encephalomyocarditis-virus-promoting-ifn-secretion PMID:  BMC Vet Res. 2021 Sep 30 ;17(1):318. Epub 2021 Sep 30. PMID: 34587973 Abstract Title:  Curcumol inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus by promoting IFN-β secretion. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection can cause reproductive failure in sows and acute myocarditis and sudden death in piglets. It has caused huge economic losses to the global pig industry and that is why it is necessary to develop effective new treatment compounds. Zedoary turmeric oil has been used for treating myocarditis. Curcumol extracted from the roots of curcuma is one of the main active ingredient of zedoary turmeric oil. The anti-EMCV activity of curcumol along with the molecular mechanisms involved with a focus on IFN-β signaling pathway was investigated in this study.METHOD: 3-(4,5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC), 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC), maximum inhibition rate (MIR) and 50% effective concentration (EC) against EMCV. Through EMCV load, the anti-viral effect of curcumol was quantitatively determined using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The effect of curcumol on the expression of IFN-β was investigated using real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. Western blot was used to determine the amounts of MDA5, MAVS, TANK, IRF3 and P-IRF3 proteins in human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK-293 T) cells infected with EMCV.RESULTS: The results of MTT showed that compared with the ribavirin positive control group, the maximum inhibition ratio (MIR) of curcumol was greater but the selection index (SI) value was much smaller than that of ribavirin. The results of qPCR showed that curcumol and ribavirin significantly reduced the replication of EMCV in HEK-293 T cells. The curcumol (0.025 mg/mL) treatment has significantly increased IFN-β mRNA expression in the EMCV-infected HEK-293 T cells while ribavirin treatment did not. The results of ELISA showed that curcumol (0.025 mg/mL and 0.0125 mg/mL) has significantly increased the expression of IFN-βprotein in EMCV-infected HEK-293 T cells. The results of Western blot showed that curcumol can inhibit the degradation of TANK protein mediated by EMCV and promote the expression of MDA5 and P-IRF3, while the protein expression level of MAVS and IRF3 remain unchanged.CONCLUSION: Curcumol has biological activity against EMCV which we suggest that IFN-β signaling pathway is one of its mechanisms. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/curcumol-inhibits-encephalomyocarditis-virus-promoting-ifn-secretion" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/curcumol-inhibits-encephalomyocarditis-virus-promoting-ifn-secretion#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Curcumol Antiviral Agents Animal Study Sun, 10 Jul 2022 02:00:30 +0000 greenmedinfo 260347 at https://greenmedinfo.com Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant of fowl pox vaccines. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/detection-reticuloendotheliosis-virus-contaminant-fowl-pox-vaccines PMID:  Poult Sci. 2010 Nov ;89(11):2389-95. PMID: 20952701 Abstract Title:  Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant of fowl pox vaccines. Abstract:  This study was designed to detect reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) as a contaminant in fowl pox vaccines. A total of 30 fowl pox vaccine samples were examined for the presence of REV using both in vitro and in vivo methods. In in vitro testing, the fowl pox vaccine samples were inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures prepared from specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs, and the cultures were examined using PCR to detect REV. In in vivo testing, each fowl pox vaccine sample was inoculated into 5-d-old specific-pathogen-free chicks, which were kept under observation for up to 12 wk postinoculation; serum samples were collected at 15, 30, and 45 d postinoculation for the detection of REV-specific antibodies using ELISA. Tissue samples were collected at 8 and 12 wk postinoculation for histopathological examination. Of the tested vaccines, only one imported vaccine sample tested positive for REV using PCR. Serum samples collected from chicks infected with the PCR-positive vaccine batch also tested positive for REV-specific antibodies using ELISA. Histopathological examination of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius demonstrated the presence of tumor cells in these organs, confirming the results obtained using PCR and ELISA, and indicating that the sample was contaminated with REV. These data clearly indicate that the screening of all commercial poultry vaccines for viruses is an important factor in assuring the biosafety of animal vaccines. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/detection-reticuloendotheliosis-virus-contaminant-fowl-pox-vaccines" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/detection-reticuloendotheliosis-virus-contaminant-fowl-pox-vaccines#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Retroviruses Vaccine Contamination Vaccine Shedding Animal Study Thu, 18 Oct 2018 18:43:57 +0000 greenmedinfo 172614 at https://greenmedinfo.com Dietary cinnamaldehyde enhances acquisition of specific antibodies following helminth infection in pigs. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dietary-cinnamaldehyde-enhances-acquisition-specific-antibodies-following-helm PMID:  Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2017 Jul ;189:43-52. Epub 2017 Jun 17. PMID: 28669386 Abstract Title:  Dietary cinnamaldehyde enhances acquisition of specific antibodies following helminth infection in pigs. Abstract:  Dietary phytonutrients such as cinnamaldehyde (CA) may contribute to immune function during pathogen infections, and CA has been reported to have positive effects on gut health when used as feed additive for livestock. Here, we investigated whether CA could enhance antibody production and specific immune responses during infection with an enteric pathogen. We examined the effect of dietary CA on plasma antibody levels in parasite-naïve pigs, and subsequently acquisition of humoral immune responses during infection with the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Parasite-naïve pigs fed diets supplemented with CA had higher levels of total IgA and IgG in plasma, and A. suum-infected pigs fed CA had higher levels of parasite-specificIgM and IgA in plasma 14days post-infection. Moreover, dietary CA increased expression of genes encoding the B-cell marker CD19, sodium/glucose co-transporter1 (SCA5L1) and glucose transporter 2 (SLC2A2) in the jejunal mucosa of A.suum-infected pigs. Dietary CA induced only limited changes in the composition of the prokaryotic gut microbiota of A. suum-infected pigs, and in vitro experiments showed that CA did not directly induce proliferation or increase secretion of IgG and IgA from lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate that dietary CA can significantly enhance acquisition of specific immuneresponses in pigs. The underlying mechanism remains obscure, but apparently does not derive simply from direct contact between CA and host lymphocytes and appears to be independent of the gut microbiota. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dietary-cinnamaldehyde-enhances-acquisition-specific-antibodies-following-helm" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dietary-cinnamaldehyde-enhances-acquisition-specific-antibodies-following-helm#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Cinnamaldehyde Immunomodulatory Animal Study Wed, 20 Sep 2017 22:31:09 +0000 greenmedinfo 153171 at https://greenmedinfo.com Homeopathic metaphylaxis is significantly effective compared with placebo and routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/homeopathic-metaphylaxis-significantly-effective-compared-placebo-and-routine- PMID:  Altern Ther Health Med. 1999 Sep ;5(5):64-8. PMID: 10484832 Abstract Title:  Homeopathy versus antibiotics in metaphylaxis of infectious diseases: a clinical study in pig fattening and its significance to consumers. Abstract:  CONTEXT: Due to the conditions of modern industrial pig fattening in intensive livestock farms, 24% to 69% of the animals become ill. The antibiotic metaphylaxis that is routinely administered leads to several problems in animals, human health, and the environment.OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a homeopathic metaphylaxis is effective and potentially useful for replacing antibiotic metaphylaxis.DESIGN: Animal subjects were divided into groups of 10 per pen, 2 pens sharing 1 trough. Twenty pigs were randomly assigned within a stall and were administered either antibiotics, homeopathy, or placebo.SETTING: A typical intensive livestock farm in Northern Germany.PARTICIPANTS: 1440 piglets.INTERVENTION: Homeopathic metaphylaxis is compared with placebo, the routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis, and an antibiotic metaphylaxis in therapeutic dosage.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of diseases in general and of diseases of the respiratory tract.RESULTS: Homeopathic metaphylaxis is significantly effective compared with placebo and routine low-dose antibiotic metaphylaxis for incidence of disease and rate of disease of the respiratory tract among the animals studied. Only by increasing the dosage of antibiotics to a therapeutic level does antibiotic metaphylaxis surpass homeopathic metaphylaxis.CONCLUSIONS: An unacceptably high percentage of pigs in modern livestock management become ill, suffering mainly from diseases of the respiratory tract. The routine antibiotic dosage of metaphylaxis is too low to be effective. As a result, the problems of resistance and danger to human health and the environment are increasing. To confirm whether antibiotic metaphylaxis may be replaced by homeopathic metaphylaxis, this study should be repeated independently. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/homeopathic-metaphylaxis-significantly-effective-compared-placebo-and-routine-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/homeopathic-metaphylaxis-significantly-effective-compared-placebo-and-routine-#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Homeopathic Medicine: All Upper Respiratory Infections Risk Reduction Animal Study Tue, 21 Nov 2017 21:43:00 +0000 greenmedinfo 156141 at https://greenmedinfo.com Luteolin restricts African swine fever replication by regulating the NF-κB/STAT3/ATF6 signaling pathway. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/luteolin-restricts-african-swine-fever-replication-regulating-nf-bstat3atf6-si PMID:  Vet Microbiol. 2022 Aug 4 ;273:109527. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 35961273 Abstract Title:  Luteolin restricts ASFV replication by regulating the NF-κB/STAT3/ATF6 signaling pathway. Abstract:  African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease that causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Luteolin is abundant in onion leaves, carrots, broccoli, and apple skin and exerts various biological activities, including anti-cancer and anti-virus effects. Our aim was to demonstrate the mechanism of action and potent antiviral activity of luteolin against ASF virus (ASFV) in porcine alveolar macrophages. We performed cell viability, hemadsorption, indirect immunofluorescence, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to investigate the effect of luteolin on ASFV. Notably, luteolin restricted ASFV replication in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-ASFV activity of luteolin was maintained for 24-72 h. Subsequent experiments revealed that luteolin could block multiple stages of the ASFV replication cycle, including those at 6-9 h and 12-15 h after infection, instead of directly interacting with ASFV. Moreover, ASFV infection stimulated the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, interleukin (IL)- 6, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). However, luteolin downregulated ASFV-induced NF-κB, IL-6, and STAT3 expression. Importantly, NF-κB agonist CU-T12-9 weakened the inhibitory effects of luteolin on NF-κB and STAT3. Moreover, CU-T12-9 partially restored the inhibitory effect of luteolin on ASFV. Similarly, luteolin reduced ASFV-induced activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) expression, and CU-T12-9 weakened the inhibitory effect of luteolin on ATF6. Our findings suggested that luteolin inhibited ASFV replication by regulating the NF-κB/STAT3/ATF6 signaling pathway and might provide a rationale for anti-ASFV drug development. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/luteolin-restricts-african-swine-fever-replication-regulating-nf-bstat3atf6-si" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/luteolin-restricts-african-swine-fever-replication-regulating-nf-bstat3atf6-si#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Luteolin Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antiviral Agents Interleukin-6 Downregulation NF-kappaB Inhibitor STAT3 Inhibitor Animal Study Fri, 02 Sep 2022 17:23:33 +0000 greenmedinfo 262773 at https://greenmedinfo.com Moringa oleifera and neem showed both potent and significant antiviral activity against foot and mouth disease virus. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/moringa-oleifera-and-neem-showed-both-potent-and-significant-antiviral-activit PMID:  Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016 Jul ;29(4):1263-8. PMID: 27393440 Abstract Title:  Evaluation of antiviral activity of plant extracts against foot and mouth disease virus in vitro. Abstract:  The aim of this study was to evaluate antiviral activity of chloroformic leaves extracts of three plants: Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Morus alba against Foot and Mouth disease virus using MTT assay (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of each extract was evaluated as cell survival percentage and results were expressed as Means± S.D. The concentrations which resulted in cell survival percentages of greater than 50% are considered to be effective antiviral concentrations. From the tested plant extracts, Moringa oleifera showed potent antiviral activity (p https://greenmedinfo.com/article/moringa-oleifera-and-neem-showed-both-potent-and-significant-antiviral-activit#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Foot and Mouth Disease Moringa oleifera Neem Antiviral Agents Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Tue, 20 Sep 2016 16:19:08 +0000 greenmedinfo 135202 at https://greenmedinfo.com Papaya seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/papaya-seed-potent-functional-feedstuff-poultry PMID:  Vet World. 2020 Aug ;13(8):1613-1619. Epub 2020 Aug 17. PMID: 33061235 Abstract Title:  Papaya (L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry - A review. Abstract:  The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed onpoultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/papaya-seed-potent-functional-feedstuff-poultry" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/papaya-seed-potent-functional-feedstuff-poultry#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Papaya Antimicrobial Antiparasitic Agents Review Tue, 26 Jul 2022 02:20:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 261041 at https://greenmedinfo.com Peganum harmala has antiparasitic effects against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/peganum-harmala-has-antiparasitic-effects-against-experimentally-induced-cocci PMID:  Parasitol Res. 2014 Aug ;113(8):2951-60. Epub 2014 May 31. PMID: 24879014 Abstract Title:  Antiparasitic effect of wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Abstract:  Organic farming of poultry has increased in recent years as the prophylactic use of antibiotics has come into disfavor. This study was conducted to explore the antiparasitic effect of a methanolic extract of Peganum harmala in broilers challenged with coccidiosis. For this purpose, 200 1-week-old broiler chicks were divided into five treatments: negative control (basal diet, Ph-0/NC), positive control (basal diet with coccidiosis challenge, Ph-0/C), and three groups challenged with coccidiosis and supplemented with P. harmala at the rate of 200 mg L(-1) (Ph-200), 250 mg L(-1) (Ph-250), and 300 mg L(-1) (Ph-300) drinking water. Each group had three replicates of ten chicks each. Challenge with standard dose of the larvae of coccidiosis and supplementation of P. harmala were initiated on day 14 until 35 days of age. As expected, the results revealed that weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were depressed significantly in Ph-0 group with significant mortality percentage. Weight gain, total body weight, and FCR increased linearly with increasing dose of P. harmala with the exception of feed intake. The growth and feed efficiency of Ph-0/NC was better in Ph-0/NC compared to that in Ph-0/C and comparable to that in P. harmala-treated birds. Similarly, mean ooccytes per gram (OPG) decreased linearly (P <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/peganum-harmala-has-antiparasitic-effects-against-experimentally-induced-cocci" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/peganum-harmala-has-antiparasitic-effects-against-experimentally-induced-cocci#comments Animal Diseases: Infectious Parasitic Diseases Syrian rue Antiparasitic Agents Plant Extracts Animal Study Sun, 03 Sep 2017 20:43:21 +0000 greenmedinfo 152648 at https://greenmedinfo.com