Mycobacterium Tuberculosis https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/60226/all en 6-gingerol exhibits potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity against tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/6-gingerol-exhibits-potent-anti-mycobacterial-and-immunomodulatory-activity-ag PMID:  Int Immunopharmacol. 2020 Jul 18 ;87:106809. Epub 2020 Jul 18. PMID: 32693356 Abstract Title:  [6]-Gingerol exhibits potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity against tuberculosis. Abstract:  The currently available anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) comprises exclusively of anti-bacterial drugs, is very lengthy, has adverse side effects on the host and leads to the generation of drug-resistant variants. Therefore, a combination therapy directed against the pathogen and the host is required to counter tuberculosis (TB). Here we demonstrate that [6]-Gingerol, one of the most potent and pharmacologically active ingredients of ginger restricted mycobacterial growth inside the lungs, spleen and liver of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The spleen of [6]-Gingerol treated mice displayed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced Th1/Th17 responses confirming the immunomodulatory action of [6]-Gingerol. Finally, [6]-Gingerol displayed an excellent potential as an adjunct drug, along with front line anti-TB drug isoniazid. Interestingly, [6]-Gingerol displayed stark anti-tubercular activity against dormant/starved bacilli and drug-resistant variants of Mtb. Taken together, these results indicate strong prospects of [6]-Gingerol as an adjunct anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of TB. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/6-gingerol-exhibits-potent-anti-mycobacterial-and-immunomodulatory-activity-ag" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/6-gingerol-exhibits-potent-anti-mycobacterial-and-immunomodulatory-activity-ag#comments Gingerol Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents Immunomodulatory In Vitro Study Wed, 22 Jul 2020 18:22:56 +0000 greenmedinfo 224017 at https://greenmedinfo.com A pro-oxidant property of vitamin C to overcome the burden of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/pro-oxidant-property-vitamin-c-overcome-burden-latent-mycobacterium-tuberculos PMID:  Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 ;13:1152269. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37153159 Abstract Title:  A pro-oxidant property of vitamin C to overcome the burden of latentinfection: A cross-talk review with Fenton reaction. Abstract:  Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacillus, is one of the deadliest infectious illnesses of our day, along with HIV and malaria.Chemotherapy, the cornerstone of TB control efforts, is jeopardized by the advent ofstrains resistant to many, if not all, of the existing medications.Isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are used to treat drug-susceptible TB for two months, followed by four months of INH and RIF, but chemotherapy with potentially harmful side effects is sometimes needed to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB for up to two years. Chemotherapy might be greatly shortened by drugs that killmore quickly while simultaneously limiting the emergence of drug resistance.Regardless of their intended target, bactericidal medicines commonly kill pathogenic bacteria (gram-negative and gram-positive) by producing hydroxyl radicalsthe Fenton reaction.Researchers have concentrated on vitamins with bactericidal properties to address the rising cases globally and have discovered that these vitamins are effective when given along with first-line drugs. The presence of elevated iron content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage all contributed to VC&#039;s sterilizing action on. Moreover, it has a pleiotropic effect on a variety of biological processes such as detoxification, protein folding - chaperons, cell wall processes, information pathways, regulatory, virulence, metabolism etc.In this review report, the authors extensively discussed the effects of VC on, such as the generation of free radicals and bactericidal mechanisms with existing treatments, and their further drug development based on ROS production. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/pro-oxidant-property-vitamin-c-overcome-burden-latent-mycobacterium-tuberculos" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/pro-oxidant-property-vitamin-c-overcome-burden-latent-mycobacterium-tuberculos#comments Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Vitamin C Anti-Bacterial Agents Review Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:14:44 +0000 greenmedinfo 276767 at https://greenmedinfo.com A protein complex from human milk enhances the activity of antibiotics and drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/protein-complex-human-milk-enhances-activity-antibiotics-and-drugs-against-myc PMID:  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Feb ;63(2). Epub 2019 Jan 29. PMID: 30420480 Abstract Title:  A Protein Complex from Human Milk Enhances the Activity of Antibiotics and Drugs against. Abstract:  , the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), has surpassed HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. The increasing occurrence of drug-resistant strains has become a major challenge for health care systems and, in some cases, has rendered TB untreatable. However, the development of new TB drugs has been plagued with high failure rates and costs. Alternative strategies to increase the efficacy of current TB treatment regimens include host-directed therapies or agents that makemore susceptible to existing TB drugs. In this study, we show that HAMLET, anα-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex derived from human milk, has bactericidal activity againstHAMLET consists of a micellar oleic acid core surrounded by a shell of partially denaturedα-lactalbumin molecules and unloads oleic acid into cells upon contact with lipid membranes. At sublethal concentrations, HAMLET potentiated a remarkably broad array of TB drugs and antibiotics againstFor example, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of rifampin, bedaquiline, delamanid, and clarithromycin were decreased by 8- to 16-fold. HAMLET also killedand enhanced the efficacy of TB drugs inside macrophages, a natural habitat ofPrevious studies showed that HAMLET is stable after oral delivery in mice and nontoxic in humans and that it is possible to package hydrophobic compounds in the oleic acid core of HAMLET to increase their solubility and metabolic stability. The potential of HAMLET and other liprotides as drug delivery and sensitization agents in TB chemotherapy is discussed here. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/protein-complex-human-milk-enhances-activity-antibiotics-and-drugs-against-myc" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/protein-complex-human-milk-enhances-activity-antibiotics-and-drugs-against-myc#comments Breast Milk Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents Natural Substance/Drug Synergy In Vitro Study Tue, 30 Jul 2019 21:13:35 +0000 greenmedinfo 192385 at https://greenmedinfo.com Allicin enhances antimicrobial activity of macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allicin-enhances-antimicrobial-activity-macrophages-during-mycobacterium-tuber PMID:  J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Dec 8. Epub 2018 Dec 8. PMID: 30537531 Abstract Title:  Allicin enhances antimicrobial activity of macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Abstract:  ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains has severely hampered global efforts towards tuberculosis (TB) eradication. The internationally accepted therapy&quot;Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS)&quot;is lengthy, and incorporates risks for the generation of drug-resistant M.tb variants. Multiple and extremely drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) variants of TB are now widespread throughout the globe, and totally drug-resistant (TDR) strains have appeared. Therefore, new classes of antibiotics are urgently needed to combat these deadly organisms. Historically, garlic is known to kill mycobacterial strains, and its active compound, allicin, kills various microorganisms. Here we have shown that allicin not only reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), but also induces strong anti-tubercular immunity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, the anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of garlic extract and its pure constituent allicin were demonstrated based on several in vitro and in vivo experiments in murine model of tuberculosis. Furthermore, the validation of study was done by immunoblots showing the modulation of MAPK and SAPK/JNK signaling by allicin in macrophages.RESULTS: Here, we report that allicin/garlic extract exhibits strong anti-mycobacterial responses in vitro and in vivo against drug-sensitive, MDR and XDR strains of TB. In addition to direct killing, allicin also induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Moreover, allicin/garlic extract treatment in murine models of infection resulted in induction of strong protective Th1 response, leading to drastic reduction in mycobacterial burden. These results indicated that allicin/garlic extract has both antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. Furthermore, garlic extract reversed the immune dampening effects of frontline anti-TB drugs.CONCLUSION: Allicin/garlic extract alone or as an adjunct to classical antibiotics holds great promise for treatment of drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant TB. These results warrant further study and validation of allicin for treatment of TB. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allicin-enhances-antimicrobial-activity-macrophages-during-mycobacterium-tuber" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allicin-enhances-antimicrobial-activity-macrophages-during-mycobacterium-tuber#comments Allicin Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Animal Study In Vitro Study Fri, 29 Mar 2019 20:34:43 +0000 greenmedinfo 183710 at https://greenmedinfo.com Allium sativum constituents exhibit anti-tubercular activity in vitro. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allium-sativum-constituents-exhibit-anti-tubercular-activity-vitro PMID:  Pharmacogn Mag. 2017 Jul ;13(Suppl 2):S209-S215. Epub 2017 Jul 11. PMID: 28808382 Abstract Title:  Allium sativum Constituents Exhibit Anti-tubercular Activity In vitro and in RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophage Cells Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Long duration of treatment, side-effects of currently used anti-tubercular drugs and emergence of drug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) warrants the need to develop new drugs to tackle the scourge of tuberculosis (TB). Garlic is an edible plant reported to have anti-tubercular activity. However, previous researches on anti-tubercular effect of garlic were focused mostly on preliminary in vitro screening.OBJECTIVE: To identify constituents responsible for anti-tubercular activity of thiosulfinate-derivative rich extract of garlic (GE) and to evaluate activity of the most active constituent in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MTBH).MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we have isolated eight compounds from GE by flash chromatography. The isolated compounds were characterized by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Individual isolates and GE were screened for activity against MTBH by Resazurin Microtitre Plate Assay (REMA).RESULTS: Anti-tubercular activity of GE was superior to that of isolates when evaluated by REMA, possibly due to synergism amongst the constituents of GE. Cytotoxicity of GE was evaluated in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells and it was observed that GE had a favorable selectivity index (&gt;10). Therefore, anti-tubercular activity of GE was further evaluated by intracellular macrophage infection model. GE demonstrated concentration-dependent activity in macrophages infected with MTBH.CONCLUSION: This is the first report on intracellular anti-tubercular activity of any extract of garlic or its components. Appreciable intracellular anti-tubercular activity of GE in macrophages combined with low cytotoxicity makes it a suitable candidate for further development as an anti-tubercular agent.SUMMARY: Thiosulfinate-derivative rich extract of Allium sativum showed better activity than its isolated constituents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.(MTBH) when evaluated by Resazurin Microtitre Plate AssayThe extract showed least cytotoxic potential against RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells as compared to rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol when evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The extract had an appreciable selectivity indexExtract showed appreciable activity in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells infected with MTBH, indicating its potential to be developed further as an anti-tubercular agent that can be administered as an adjunct to the existing anti-tubercular drug regimen. Abbreviations used: TB: Tuberculosis, MTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTBH: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, GE: Thiosulfinate-derivative rich extract of garlic, REMA: Resazurin Microtitre Plate Assay, VD: Vinyldithiin, CFU: Colony forming unit, (1)H NMR: (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, FT-IR: Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, IC50: Concentration required to inhibit the cells by 50%, ANOVA: Analysis of variance. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allium-sativum-constituents-exhibit-anti-tubercular-activity-vitro" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/allium-sativum-constituents-exhibit-anti-tubercular-activity-vitro#comments Garlic Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents In Vitro Study Thu, 07 Sep 2017 20:40:50 +0000 greenmedinfo 152890 at https://greenmedinfo.com Alternate pathway to ascorbate induced inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/alternate-pathway-ascorbate-induced-inhibition-mycobacterium-tuberculosis PMID:  Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2018 07 ;111:161-169. Epub 2018 Jun 21. PMID: 30029903 Abstract Title:  Alternate pathway to ascorbate induced inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Abstract:  Ascorbate has been demonstrated to interfere with the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It scavenges oxygen in the culture medium to induce dormancy of M. tuberculosis. It kills the mycobacteria by generating reactive oxygen intermediates via iron mediated Fenton reactions. In this study, we observed that ascorbate can inhibit M. tuberculosis isocitrate lyase (MtbICL) with an ICof 2.15 mΜ. MtbICL is an essential enzyme for the survival of M. tuberculosis under dormancy. We studied the effect of ascorbate on the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv metabolizing through citric acid cycle or glyoxylate cycle with glucose or acetate respectively as the sole carbon source. It was observed that 4 mM ascorbate inhibited ∼89% of the growth in glucose medium, which was confirmed to be mediated by Fenton reaction, as the inhibition was significantly lesser (61%) under low iron condition. On the other hand, in acetate medium, ∼97% of the growth was inhibited and the inhibition wasuninfluenced by the iron levels. 3-nitropropionate, a known inhibitor of MtbICL, was seen to cause significantly higher inhibition in the acetate medium than in the glucose medium; however it was indifferent to iron levels in either medium. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies confirmedstable binding of ascorbate to MtbICL leading to its inhibition. These observations suggest an additional pathway for ascorbate induced inhibition of M. tuberculosis through inhibition of glyoxylate cycle. Since human immune cells can accumulate ascorbate in millimolar concentrations, the in vitroactivity range (1-4 mM) of ascorbate against M. tuberculosis could be extrapolated in vivo. Our result supports the possible benefits of adding high vitamin C diet in TB-treated patients. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/alternate-pathway-ascorbate-induced-inhibition-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/alternate-pathway-ascorbate-induced-inhibition-mycobacterium-tuberculosis#comments Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Vitamin C Anti-Bacterial Agents Enzyme Inhibitors Animal Study Thu, 02 Apr 2020 19:36:33 +0000 greenmedinfo 217799 at https://greenmedinfo.com An overview of phytotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/overview-phytotherapeutic-approaches-treatment-tuberculosis PMID:  Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017 ;17(2):167-183. PMID: 27145855 Abstract Title:  An Overview of Phytotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Abstract:  Tuberculosis (TB) is highly infectious disease causing morbidity and death. Its causative organism is a contagious bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing worldwide due to the emergence of drug resistance bacteria. The resistance is being developed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis against both the first line as well as the second line drugs used for the treatment. The tuberculosis control programme is being complicated and failed to get the desired impact due to the development of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. So, there is a critical requirement to discover and produce newer anti-TB drugs with unique drug targets. Medicinal plants have been used for curing the diseases from ancient time. Medicinal plants are the novel sources for the production of alternate medicines for the treatment of TB caused by MDR and XDR strains. Plants produce a number of different kinds of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Terpenoids, Quinines, etc. which have antimicrobial activity; thus may be useful in control of tuberculosis. These compounds do not contribute directly in growth and development but used by the plants for their defense. On the basis of various sources in the literature, about 72 phytochemicals constituents responsible for anti tubercular activity isolated from different plants have been explained along with their structure. Most effective isolated compounds from plants are plumbagin, maritinone, 3, 3&#039;-biplumbagin, aloe emodin, epigallocatechin and umckalin. These phytochemicals are helpful for the treatment of MDR, XDR type of tuberculosis. This review describes an overview of the current synthetic medicines used for treatment of TB and the work carried out on anti tubercular plants along with their phytochemicals. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/overview-phytotherapeutic-approaches-treatment-tuberculosis" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/overview-phytotherapeutic-approaches-treatment-tuberculosis#comments Flavonoids Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Polyphenols Anti-Bacterial Agents Phytotherapy Review Mon, 28 Aug 2017 22:27:02 +0000 greenmedinfo 152293 at https://greenmedinfo.com Andrographolide suppresses pyroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-suppresses-pyroptosis-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-infected-macr PMID:  Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 ;2022:1885066. Epub 2022 Apr 28. PMID: 35528511 Abstract Title:  Andrographolide Suppresses Pyroptosis inMacrophages via the microRNA-155/Nrf2 Axis. Abstract:  Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading threat to public health worldwide with(Mtb) infections causing long-term abnormal and excessive inflammatory responses, which in turn lead to lung damage and fibrosis, and ultimately death. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has been shown to be an effective anti-TB strategy in the absence of effective anti-TB drugs. Here, we used anmacrophage model of Mtb infection to evaluate the effects of andrographolide (Andro), extracted from, on pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. We evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes. These evaluations revealed that Andro downregulated the expression of proinflammatory miR-155-5p, which then promoted the expression of Nrf2 to suppress pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. Further study also demonstrated that siNrf2 could attenuate the inhibitory effect of Andro on TXNIP, validating our mechanistic studies. Thus, our data suggest that Andro may be a potential candidate adjuvant drug for anti-TB therapy as it inhibits pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages, potentially improving clinical outcomes. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-suppresses-pyroptosis-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-infected-macr" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-suppresses-pyroptosis-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-infected-macr#comments Andrographolide Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antioxidants MicroRNA modulator Nrf2 activation In Vitro Study Thu, 16 Jun 2022 20:33:00 +0000 greenmedinfo 259138 at https://greenmedinfo.com Andrographolide: A potent antituberculosis compound that targets Aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-potent-antituberculosis-compound-targets-aminoglycoside-2-n-ac PMID:  J Mol Graph Model. 2015 Sep ;61:133-40. Epub 2015 Jul 21. PMID: 26245695 Abstract Title:  Andrographolide: A potent antituberculosis compound that targets Aminoglycoside 2&#039;-N-acetyltransferase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Abstract:  Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major challenging infectious disease. The increased rate of emergence of multi-drug resistant and extensively-drug resistant strains of the organism has further complicated the situation, resulting in an urgent need for new anti-TB drugs. Antimycobacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata was evaluated using a rapid LRP assay and the probable targets were identified by docking analysis. The methanolic extract of A. paniculata showed maximum antimycobacterial activity at 250μg/ml against all the tested strains of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv, MDR, and drug sensitive). Based on bioassay guided fractionation, andrographolide was identified as the potent molecule. With the docking analysis, both ICDH (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase) and AAC (Aminoglycoside 2&#039;-N-acetyltransferase) were predicted as targets of andrographolide in M. tuberculosis. Molecular simulation revealed that, ICDH showed low binding affinity to andrographolide. However, for AAC, the andrographolide was observed to be well within the active site after 10ns of molecular simulation. This suggests that ACC (PDBID 1M4I) could be the probable target for andrographolide. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-potent-antituberculosis-compound-targets-aminoglycoside-2-n-ac" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographolide-potent-antituberculosis-compound-targets-aminoglycoside-2-n-ac#comments Andrographolide Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents Enzyme Inhibitors Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Fri, 06 Aug 2021 21:53:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 243922 at https://greenmedinfo.com Antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects of vitamin D provide promising antibiotics. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-and-immune-modulatory-effects-vitamin-d-provide-promising-antibi PMID:  Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2019 Oct 3 ;9(3):80-87. Epub 2019 Aug 13. PMID: 31662886 Abstract Title:  Antimicrobial and Immune-Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D Provide Promising Antibiotics-Independent Approaches to Tackle Bacterial Infections - Lessons Learnt from a Literature Survey. Abstract:  Antimicrobial multidrug-resistance (MDR) constitutes an emerging threat to global health and makes the effective prevention and treatment of many, particularly severe infections challenging, if not impossible. Many antibiotic classes have lost antimicrobial efficacy against a plethora of infectious agents including bacterial species due to microbial acquisition of distinct resistance genes. Hence, the development of novel anti-infectious intervention strategies including antibiotic-independent approaches is urgently needed. Vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin D derivates might be such promising molecular candidates to combat infections caused by bacteria including MDR strains. Using the Pubmed database, we therefore performed an in-depth literature survey, searching for publications on the antimicrobial effect of vitamin D directed against bacteria including MDR strains. In vitro and clinical studies between 2009 and 2019 revealed that vitamin D does, in fact, possess antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, whereas conflicting results could be obtained from in vivo studies. Taken together, the potential anti-infectious effects for the antibiotic-independent application of vitamin D and/or an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotic compounds directed against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,infections, or skin diseases, for instance, should be considered and further investigated in more detail. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-and-immune-modulatory-effects-vitamin-d-provide-promising-antibi" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-and-immune-modulatory-effects-vitamin-d-provide-promising-antibi#comments Helicobacter Pylori Infection Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus infection Steptococcus Mutans Infections Vitamin D Antimicrobial Immunomodulatory Review Sun, 03 May 2020 07:08:58 +0000 greenmedinfo 219733 at https://greenmedinfo.com Antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol on intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-effect-cannabidiol-intracellular-mycobacterium-tuberculosis PMID:  Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2024 Jan 22. Epub 2024 Jan 22. PMID: 38252548 Abstract Title:  Antimicrobial Effect of Cannabidiol on Intracellular. Abstract:  , the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), has killed nearly one billion people during the last two centuries. Nowadays, TB remains a major global health problem ranked among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. One of the main challenges in developing new strategies to fight TB is focused on reducing the duration and complexity of drug regimens. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main nonpsychoactive ingredient extracted from the. plant, which has been shown to be biologically active against bacteria. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of CBD onintracellular infection.To assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD on mycobacterial strains, the MTT assay was performed on, and the Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) assay was conducted onH37Rv. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of CBD on THP-1 cells was assessed by MTT assay. Moreover, macrophages derived from the THP-1 cell were infected withH37Rv (multiplicity of infection 1:10) to evaluate the intracellular activity of CBD by determining the CFU/mL.Antimicrobial activity against(MIC=100 μM) andH37Rv (MIC=25 μM) cultures was exhibited by CBD. Furthermore, the effect of CBD was also evaluated onH37Rv infected macrophage cells. Interestingly, a reduction in viable intracellularH37Rv bacteria was observed after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, CBD exhibited a safe profile toward human THP-1 cells, since it showed no toxicity (CC=1075 μM) at a concentration of antibacterial effect (selectivity index 43).These results extend the knowledge regarding the antimicrobial activity of CBD and demonstrate its ability to kill the human intracellular pathogen <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-effect-cannabidiol-intracellular-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimicrobial-effect-cannabidiol-intracellular-mycobacterium-tuberculosis#comments Cannabidiol Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antimicrobial In Vitro Study Thu, 07 Mar 2024 23:20:43 +0000 greenmedinfo 289916 at https://greenmedinfo.com Antimycobacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis(H37Ra) model. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimycobacterial-activity-cinnamaldehyde-mycobacterium-tuberculosish37ra-mode PMID:  Molecules. 2018 Sep 18 ;23(9). Epub 2018 Sep 18. PMID: 30231479 Abstract Title:  Antimycobacterial Activity of Cinnamaldehyde in a(H37Ra) Model. Abstract:  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the possible action mode of cinnamon bark essential oil and its main constituent-cinnamaldehyde-against theATCC 25177 strain. Cinnamaldehyde was proved to be the main bioactive compound responsible for mycobacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal effects. The antimycobacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde was found to be comparable with that of ethambutol, one of the first-line anti-TB antibiotics. The selectivity index determined using cell culture studies in vitro showed a high biological potential of cinnamaldehyde. Incells exposed to cinnamaldehyde the cell membrane stress sensing and envelope preserving system are activated. Overexpression ofgene indicates a threat to the stability of the cell membrane and suggests a possible mechanism of action. No synergism was detected with the basic set of antibiotics used in tuberculosis treatment: ethambutol, isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin, and ciprofloxacin. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimycobacterial-activity-cinnamaldehyde-mycobacterium-tuberculosish37ra-mode" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antimycobacterial-activity-cinnamaldehyde-mycobacterium-tuberculosish37ra-mode#comments Cinnamaldehyde Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents Animal Study Thu, 21 Feb 2019 02:49:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 180016 at https://greenmedinfo.com Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua extracts have bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisia-afra-and-artemisia-annua-extracts-have-bactericidal-activity-against PMID:  Pathogens. 2023 Feb 1 ;12(2). Epub 2023 Feb 1. PMID: 36839499 Abstract Title:  andExtracts Have Bactericidal Activity againstin Physiologically Relevant Carbon Sources and Hypoxia. Abstract:  (Mtb) is a deadly pathogen and causative agent of human tuberculosis, causing ~1.5 million deaths every year. The increasing drug resistance of this pathogen necessitates novel and improved treatment strategies. A crucial aspect of the host-pathogen interaction is bacterial nutrition. In this study,anddichloromethane extracts were tested for bactericidal activity against Mtb strain mc6230 under hypoxia and various infection-associated carbon sources (glycerol, glucose, and cholesterol). Both extracts showed significant bactericidal activity against Mtb, regardless of carbon source. Based on killing curves,showed the most consistent bactericidal activity against Mtb for all tested carbon sources, whereasshowed the highest bactericidal activity in 7H9 minimal media with glycerol. Both extracts retained their bactericidal activity against Mtb under hypoxic conditions. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanism of action of these extracts and identify their active constituent compounds. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisia-afra-and-artemisia-annua-extracts-have-bactericidal-activity-against" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisia-afra-and-artemisia-annua-extracts-have-bactericidal-activity-against#comments Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Wormwood Anti-Bacterial Agents In Vitro Study Sat, 03 Jun 2023 01:25:37 +0000 greenmedinfo 273546 at https://greenmedinfo.com Artemisinin could be useful in the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisinin-could-be-useful-treatment-mycobacterium-tuberculosis PMID:  Nat Chem Biol. 2017 Feb ;13(2):218-225. Epub 2016 Dec 19. PMID: 27992879 Abstract Title:  Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosRST signaling and persistence. Abstract:  The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DosRST two-component regulatory system promotes the survival of Mtb during non-replicating persistence (NRP). NRP bacteria help drive the long course of tuberculosis therapy; therefore, chemical inhibition of DosRST may inhibit the ability of Mtb to establish persistence and thus shorten treatment. Using a DosRST-dependent fluorescent Mtb reporter strain, a whole-cell phenotypic high-throughput screen of a∼540,000 compound small-molecule library was conducted. The screen discovered novel inhibitors of the DosRST regulon, including three compounds that were subject to follow-up studies: artemisinin, HC102A and HC103A. Under hypoxia, all three compounds inhibit Mtb-persistence-associated physiological processes, including triacylglycerol synthesis, survival and antibiotic tolerance. Artemisinin functions by disabling the heme-based DosS and DosT sensor kinases by oxidizing ferrous heme and generating heme-artemisinin adducts. In contrast, HC103A inhibits DosS and DosT autophosphorylation activity without targeting the sensor kinase heme. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisinin-could-be-useful-treatment-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/artemisinin-could-be-useful-treatment-mycobacterium-tuberculosis#comments Artemisinin Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents In Vitro Study Fri, 20 Jan 2017 19:38:49 +0000 greenmedinfo 142318 at https://greenmedinfo.com Berbamine promotes macrophage autophagy to clear Mycobacterium tuberculosis. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/berbamine-promotes-macrophage-autophagy-clear-mycobacterium-tuberculosis PMID:  mBio. 2023 Aug 31 ;14(4):e0027223. Epub 2023 Jun 29. PMID: 37382506 Abstract Title:  Berbamine promotes macrophage autophagy to clearby regulating the ROS/Caaxis. Abstract:  Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) poses a major threat to global TB control; consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-TB drugs or strategies. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is emerging as an effective treatment strategy, especially for drug-resistant TB. This study evaluated the effects of berbamine (BBM), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, on mycobacterial growth in macrophages. BBM inhibited intracellular(Mtb) growth by promoting autophagy and silencing ATG5, partially abolishing the inhibitory effect. In addition, BBM increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the antioxidant-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) abolished BBM-induced autophagy and the ability to inhibit Mtb survival. Furthermore, the increased intracellular Caconcentration induced by BBM was regulated by ROS, and BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca-chelating agent, could block ROS-mediated autophagy and Mtb clearance. Finally, BBM could inhibit the survival of drug-resistant Mtb. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that BBM, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, could effectively clear drug-sensitive and -resistant Mtb through regulating ROS/Caaxis-mediated autophagy and has potential as an HDT candidate for TB therapy. IMPORTANCE It is urgent to develop novel treatment strategies against drug-resistant TB, and HDT provides a promising approach to fight drug-resistant TB by repurposing old drugs. Our studies demonstrate, for the first time, that BBM, an FDA-approved drug, not only potently inhibits intracellular drug-sensitive Mtb growth but also restricts drug-resistant Mtb by promoting macrophage autophagy. Mechanistically, BBM activates macrophage autophagy by regulating the ROS/Caaxis. In conclusion, BBM could be considered as an HDT candidate and may contribute to improving the outcomes or shortening the treatment course of drug-resistant TB. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/berbamine-promotes-macrophage-autophagy-clear-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/berbamine-promotes-macrophage-autophagy-clear-mycobacterium-tuberculosis#comments Berbamine Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Anti-Bacterial Agents In Vitro Study Wed, 13 Sep 2023 21:19:26 +0000 greenmedinfo 280457 at https://greenmedinfo.com