Feline Hyperthyroidism https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/63028/all en Increasing age, non-pure breed, use of a litter box, more than 50 per cent wet food in the diet, a diet that included fish and exposure to food in a can were identified as risk factors for the development of hyperthyroidism in cats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/increasing-age-non-pure-breed-use-litter-box-more-50-cent-wet-food-diet-diet-i PMID:  J Small Anim Pract. 2009 Aug;50(8):406-14. PMID: 19689668 Abstract Title:  Risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in the UK. Abstract:  OBJECTIVES: Previous studies of cats in the USA and New Zealand have identified a number of risk factors for the development of hyperthyroidism including feeding of canned cat food and being non-purebred. The objective of this study was to examine these and other risk factors in cats from London, UK.METHODS: A questionnaire-based case-control study of hyperthyroidism in cats greater than eight years of age was undertaken. Cases and controls were recruited from two groups of first opinion clinics in London, UK (five locations in total). The two-page questionnaire investigated details of lifestyle, diet and exposure to environmental chemicals. Data analysis included multivariable analysis of risk factors using binary logistic regression.RESULTS: One hundred and nine hyperthyroid cats and 196 control cats were surveyed. Increasing age, non-pure breed, use of a litter box, more than 50 per cent wet food in the diet, a diet that included fish and exposure to food in a can were identified as risk factors for the development of hyperthyroidism using multivariable analysis.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats from the UK appear similar to those of other countries. Exposure to food packaged in a can was identified as the major risk factor for the development of hyperthyroidism. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/increasing-age-non-pure-breed-use-litter-box-more-50-cent-wet-food-diet-diet-i#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:52:42 +0000 greenmedinfo 65084 at https://greenmedinfo.com The median survival time after conventional treatment for feline hyperthyroidism is 417 days, and 15.3% (41/268) cats developed azotemia within 240 days of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/median-survival-time-after-conventional-treatment-feline-hyperthyroidism-417-d PMID:  J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):863-9. PMID: 20649748 Abstract Title:  Survival and the development of azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroid cats. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroidism complicates the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as it increases glomerular filtration rate. No practical and reliable means for identifying those cats that will develop azotemia after treatment for hyperthyroidism has been identified. Hyperthyroidism is associated with proteinuria. Proteinuria has been correlated with decreased survival of cats with CKD and with progression of CKD.HYPOTHESIS: Proteinuria and other clinical parameters measured at diagnosis of hyperthyroidism will be associated with the development of azotemia and survival time.ANIMALS: Three hundred client owned hyperthyroid cats treated in first opinion practice.METHODS: Retrospective, cohort study relating clinical parameters in hyperthyroid cats at diagnosis to the development of azotemia within 240 days of diagnosis and survival time (all cause mortality). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that were predictive of the development of azotemia. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with survival.RESULTS: Three hundred cats were eligible for survival analysis and 216 cats for analysis of factors associated with the development of azotemia. The median survival time was 417 days, and 15.3% (41/268) cats developed azotemia within 240 days of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine were positively correlated with the development of azotemia. Plasma globulin concentration was negatively correlated with the development of azotemia. Age, urine protein:creatinine ratio, and the presence of hypertension were significantly correlated with decreased survival time. Urine specific gravity and PCV were significantly correlated with increased survival time.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The proteinuria associated with hyperthyroidism is not a mediator of progression of CKD; however, it does correlate with all cause mortality. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/median-survival-time-after-conventional-treatment-feline-hyperthyroidism-417-d#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:58:51 +0000 greenmedinfo 65086 at https://greenmedinfo.com Cats who prefer the liver and giblet flavors of canned cat food had a higher incidence of hyperthyroidism https://greenmedinfo.com/article/cats-who-prefer-liver-and-giblet-flavors-canned-cat-food-had-higher-incidence- PMID:  J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Sep 15;217(6):853-6. PMID: 10997155 Abstract Title:  Evaluation of dietary and environmental risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary and environmental risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats.DESIGN: Case-control study.ANIMALS: 100 cats with hyperthyroidism and 163 control cats.PROCEDURE: Medical records were examined, and owners completed a mailed questionnaire. Data collected included information regarding demographic variables, environmental exposures, and diet, including preferred flavors of canned cat food.RESULTS: Case cats were significantly less likely to have been born recently than control cats. Housing; exposure to fertilizers, herbicides, or plant pesticides; regular use of flea products; and presence of a smoker in the home were not significantly associated with an increased risk of disease, but cats that preferred fish or liver and giblets flavors of canned cat food had an increased risk.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that cats that prefer to eat certain flavors of canned cat food may have a significantly increased risk of hyperthyroidism. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/cats-who-prefer-liver-and-giblet-flavors-canned-cat-food-had-higher-incidence-#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:21:14 +0000 greenmedinfo 65090 at https://greenmedinfo.com Changes in iodine levels in cat food formulation in the 1970's may be responsible for contributing to the emergence of widespread feline hyperthyroidism. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/changes-iodine-levels-cat-food-formulation-1970s-may-be-responsible-contributi PMID:  J Feline Med Surg. 2010 Sep;12(9):672-9. PMID: 20800208 Abstract Title:  Feline hyperthyroidism: potential relationship with iodine supplement requirements of commercial cat foods. Abstract:  ARTICLE RATIONALE: Since the late 1970s, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism (FH). It is now recognized worldwide as the most common endocrinopathy of older cats, resembling toxic nodular goiter of older humans in iodine-deficient areas. The purpose of this article is to identify the potential for iodine concentrations in the diet to contribute to the etiology of FH. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: Iodine concentrations of commercial cat foods vary widely. A review of historical iodine recommendations revealed that the units of iodine supplementation changed in the 1970s. Given this change, foods minimally supplemented since the late 1970s would have been iodine deficient for most cats. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Iodine supplementation of commercial cat foods should be evaluated in the light of the iodine recommendations revised in 2006. Foods may remain deficient in iodine if supplemented at the minimum recommended concentration, possibly contributing to the development of FH. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/changes-iodine-levels-cat-food-formulation-1970s-may-be-responsible-contributi#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Iodine Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:45:35 +0000 greenmedinfo 65081 at https://greenmedinfo.com Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically https://greenmedinfo.com/article/co-incident-introduction-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-household-materi PMID:  Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Sep 15;41(18):6350-6. PMID: 17948778 Abstract Title:  Elevated PBDE levels in pet cats: sentinels for humans? Abstract:  Co-incident with the introduction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into household materials nearly 30 years ago, feline hyperthyroidism (FH) has increased dramatically. Risk of developing FH is associated with indoor living and consumption of canned catfood. We hypothesized that increases in FH were, in part, related to increased PBDE exposure, with key routes of exposure being diet and ingestion of house dust. This study was designed to determine whether body burdens of PBDEs in hyperthyroid (HT) cats were greater than that of young or sick non-HT cats. Serum samples and clinical information were collected from 23 cats. Serum and dry and canned cat food were analyzed for PBDEs. A spectrum of BDE congeners was detected in all cats, with BDE-47, 99, 207, and 209 predominating. Mean +/- standard error (and median) cumulative sigma PBDE serum concentrations of young, old non-HT, and HT cats were 4.3 +/- 1.5 (3.5), 10.5 +/- 3.5 (5.9), and 12.7 +/- 3.9 (6.2) ng/mL, respectively. Due to high variability within each group, no association was detected between HT cats and sigma PBDE levels. Indicative of age- or disease-dependent changes in PBDE metabolism, BDE-47/99 ratios were inversely correlated with age, and 47/99 and 100/ 99 ratios in HT cats were significantly lower than those in the other cats. Overall, sigma PBDE levels in cats were 20- to 100-fold greater than median levels in U.S. adults. Our results support the hypothesis that cats are highly exposed to PBDEs; hence, pet cats may serve as sentinels to better assess human exposure and adverse health outcomes related to low-level but chronic PBDE exposure. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/co-incident-introduction-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes-household-materi#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Endocrine Disruptor: Thyroid Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:10:56 +0000 greenmedinfo 65088 at https://greenmedinfo.com Feline hyperthyroidism is characterized by elevated autoantibody levels (autoimmunity). https://greenmedinfo.com/article/feline-hyperthyroidism-characterized-elevated-autoantibody-levels-autoimmunity PMID:  Res Vet Sci. 1988 Nov;45(3):300-6. PMID: 3264925 Abstract Title:  Autoantibodies in feline hyperthyroidism. Abstract:  Thyroid autoantibodies have been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 10 of 29 (34 per cent) cats with hyperthyroidism. Antinuclear factor, rare in healthy cats, was found in a further four animals. Twenty-eight of the cats had a palpable goitre at first presentation. In 16 cases the goitre was unilateral, while in the others it was bilateral. Lymphocytic infiltration was present in nine of the 27 (33 per cent) thyroids examined histologically. Five of the sera gave a particularly strong reaction for thyroid antibodies. Four of these cases had bilateral goitres and lymphocytic infiltrations were found in four of the five thyroids (P less than 0.05). Twenty-one of the cats were followed up for a mean period of 11 months after operation, during which time three cats developed recurrent hyperthyroidism. Two had bilateral goitres with lymphocytic infiltration and the serum of both was strongly positive for thyroid microsomal antibodies. The third had unilateral goitre with lymphocytic infiltration and serum which was positive for antinuclear factor. In this case, the recurrence involved the lobe which had been previously operated on. Some cases of feline hyperthyroidism may be immunologically mediated and the condition is thus a potential model for some aspects of autoimmune thyrotoxicosis in man. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/feline-hyperthyroidism-characterized-elevated-autoantibody-levels-autoimmunity#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:31:17 +0000 greenmedinfo 65092 at https://greenmedinfo.com Feline hyperthyroidism may represent a 'canary in the coal mine' of increasing chemical exposures. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/feline-hyperthyroidism-may-represent-canary-coal-mine-increasing-chemical-expo PMID:  Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Dec;115(12):A580. PMID: 18087575 Abstract Title:  Chemical exposures: cats as sentinel species. Abstract:  Pet cats may be like canaries in coal mines when it comes to evaluating the health impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), persistent chemicals used in carpet pads, furniture, and electronics. Chronic PBDE exposure may partly explain an epidemic of hyperthyroid disease in older cats, says Janice Dye, a U.S. EPA research biologist. In turn, studying the effects of chronic PBDE exposure in cats could offer clues as to the effects in their human counterparts. Veterinarians first noticed a dramatic surge in feline hyperthyroidism (FH) in the 1980s, coinciding with the use of PBDEs as flame retardants in consumer products. FH, the most common endocrine disorder in cats, causes rapid weight loss due to increased concentrations of thyroxine. Histologic changes in FH mirror those seen in older humans experiencing toxic nodular goiter (TNG), in which an enlarged thyroid gland overproduces thyroxine. The causes of FH and TNG remain unknown. View The Entire Free Article Here.  https://greenmedinfo.com/article/feline-hyperthyroidism-may-represent-canary-coal-mine-increasing-chemical-expo#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:04:43 +0000 greenmedinfo 65087 at https://greenmedinfo.com Hyperthyroidism in cats may lead to long-lasting alterations of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion which may not be reversed by treatment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/hyperthyroidism-cats-may-lead-long-lasting-alterations-glucose-tolerance-and-i PMID:  Res Vet Sci. 1992 Nov;53(3):338-41. PMID: 1465507 Abstract Title:  Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in spontaneously hyperthyroid cats. Abstract:  Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion after administration of a glucose load were determined in 11 clinically normal cats and 15 cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. In six hyperthyroid cats, a glucose tolerance test was repeated after treatment with radioactive iodine (131I). All cats had similar baseline glucose concentrations. However, the cats with hyperthyroidism had a significantly decreased glucose clearance, which was worse after treatment. Hyperthyroidism also caused a marked increase in basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which was not improved with treatment. It is concluded that hyperthyroidism in cats may lead to long-lasting alterations of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion which may not be reversed by treatment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/hyperthyroidism-cats-may-lead-long-lasting-alterations-glucose-tolerance-and-i#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:27:00 +0000 greenmedinfo 65091 at https://greenmedinfo.com Increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is not solely the result of aging of the cat population and that canned foods may play a role. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/increasing-prevalence-feline-hyperthyroidism-not-solely-result-aging-cat-popul PMID:  J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Mar 15;224(6):879-86. PMID: 15070058 Abstract Title:  Epidemiologic study of relationships between consumption of commercial canned food and risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is the result of aging of the cat population and whether consumption of canned foods at various times throughout life is associated with increased risk of hyperthyroidism.DESIGN: Retrospective and case-control studies.STUDY POPULATION: Medical records of 169,576 cats, including 3,570 cats with hyperthyroidism, evaluated at 9 veterinary school hospitals during a 20-year period, and 109 cats with hyperthyroidism (cases) and 173 cats without hyperthyroidism (controls).PROCEDURE: Age-adjusted hospital prevalence of hyperthyroidism was calculated by use of Veterinary Medical Database records. On the basis of owners' questionnaire responses, logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between consumption of canned food and development of hyperthyroidism.RESULTS: Age-specific hospital prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism increased significantly from 1978 to 1997. Overall, consumption of pop-top canned (vs dry) food at various times throughout life and each additional year of age were associated with greater risk of developing hyperthyroidism. In female cats, increased risk was associated with consumption of food packaged in pop-top cans or in combinations of pop-top and non-pop-top cans. In male cats, increased risk was associated with consumption of food packaged in pop-top cans and age.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that the increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is not solely the result of aging of the cat population and that canned foods may play a role. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/increasing-prevalence-feline-hyperthyroidism-not-solely-result-aging-cat-popul#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:48:35 +0000 greenmedinfo 65082 at https://greenmedinfo.com The severity of feline hyperthyroidism may contribute to a decrease in the ionized magnesium concentration. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/severity-feline-hyperthyroidism-may-contribute-decrease-ionized-magnesium-conc PMID:  Can J Vet Res. 2006 Apr;70(2):137-42. PMID: 16639946 Abstract Title:  Evaluation of ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations in hyperthyroid cats. Abstract:  Hyperthyroidism can increase the renal excretion of magnesium and thus cause hypomagnesemia in various species. Anaerobically collected blood samples from 15 hyperthyroid and 40 normal, healthy cats were analyzed with an ion-selective electrode analyzer and a serum biochemical analyzer. There was no significant difference in ionized or total serum magnesium concentration between the 2 groups, but there was a significant difference (P = 0.004) in the ratio of ionized to total serum magnesium concentrations between the healthy cats and the hyperthyroid cats with thyroxine (T4) concentrations at or above the median. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.894, P = 0.000) between the ionized and total magnesium concentrations in the hyperthyroid cats. The hyperthyroid cats had a significantly lower (P = 0.003) total serum protein concentration than the healthy cats. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.670, P = 0.006) was detected between the ionized magnesium and logarithmically transformed total T4 concentrations in the hyperthyroid cats, which suggests that the severity of hyperthyroidism may contribute to a decrease in the ionized magnesium concentration. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/severity-feline-hyperthyroidism-may-contribute-decrease-ionized-magnesium-conc#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Magnesium Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 23:14:40 +0000 greenmedinfo 65089 at https://greenmedinfo.com The use of cat liter, canned food and topical ectoparasite preparations has been linked to significantly elevated rates of hyperthyroidism in cats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/use-cat-liter-canned-food-and-topical-ectoparasite-preparations-has-been-linke PMID:  J Vet Intern Med. 1999 Jul-Aug;13(4):323-9. PMID: 10449223 Abstract Title:  Evaluation of environmental, nutritional, and host factors in cats with hyperthyroidism. Abstract:  The pathologic changes associated with hyperthyroidism (adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma of the thyroid gland) have been well characterized in cats, but the pathogenesis of these changes remains unclear. In this research, we undertook a case-control study to search for potential risk factors for this disease. Owners of 379 hyperthyroid and 351 control cats were questioned about their cats' exposure to potential risk factors including breed, demographic factors, medical history, indoor environment, chemicals applied to the cat and environment, and diet. The association between these hypothesized risk factors and outcome of disease was evaluated by conditional logistic regression. Two genetically related cat breeds (ie, Siamese and Himalayan) were found to have diminished risk of developing hyperthyroidism. Cats that used litter had higher risk of developing hyperthyroidism than those that did not. Use of topical ectoparasite preparations was associated with increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism. Compared with cats that did not eat canned food, those that ate commercially prepared canned food had an approximate 2-fold increase in risk of disease. When these 4 variables (breed, use of cat litter, consumption of canned cat food, and use of topical ectoparasite preparations) from the univariate analysis were selected for further study as candidate risk factors and analyzed by multivariate conditional logistic regression, a persistent protective effect of breed (ie, Siamese or Himalayan) was found. In addition, results suggested a 2- to 3-fold increase in risk of developing hyperthyroidism among cats eating a diet composed mostly of canned cat food and a 3-fold increase in risk among those using cat litter. In contrast, the use of commercial flea products did not retain a strong association. The results of this study indicate that further research into dietary and other potentially important environmental factors (eg, cat litter) is warranted. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/use-cat-liter-canned-food-and-topical-ectoparasite-preparations-has-been-linke#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:50:33 +0000 greenmedinfo 65083 at https://greenmedinfo.com There is a high prevalence of vitamin B12 in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/there-high-prevalence-vitamin-b12-cats-spontaneous-hyperthyroidism PMID:  J Small Anim Pract. 2011 Feb;52(2):101-6. PMID: 21265849 Abstract Title:  The prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Abstract:  OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism and to investigate the relationship between cobalamin status and selected haematologic parameters. Methods: Serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in 76 spontaneously hyperthyroid cats [serum thyroxine (T(4) ) concentration≥100 nmol/L] and 100 geriatric euthyroid cats. Erythrocyte and neutrophil counts in hyperthyroid cats with hypocobalaminaemia were compared with those in hyperthyroid cats with adequate serum cobalamin concentrations (≥290 ng/L).RESULTS: The median cobalamin concentration in hyperthyroid cats was lower than the control group (409 versus 672 ng/L; P=0·0040). In addition, 40·8% of hyperthyroid cats had subnormal serum cobalamin concentrations compared with 25% of controls (P=0·0336). Weak negative correlation (coefficient: -0·3281) was demonstrated between serum cobalamin and T(4) concentrations in the hyperthyroid population, and the mediancobalamin concentration was lower in cats with T(4) above the median of 153 nmol/L compared with cats with T(4) below this value (P=0·0281). Hypocobalaminaemia was not associated with neutropenia or anaemia in hyperthyroid cats.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicates that a substantial proportion of cats with T(4)≥100 nmol/L are hypocobalaminaemic and suggests that hyperthyroidism directly or indirectly affects cobalamin uptake, excretion or utilisation in this species. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/there-high-prevalence-vitamin-b12-cats-spontaneous-hyperthyroidism#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Vitamin B-12 Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:41:42 +0000 greenmedinfo 65080 at https://greenmedinfo.com Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism through conventional medicine may result in hypothyroidism and reduced survival times. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/treatment-feline-hyperthyroidism-through-conventional-medicine-may-result-hypo PMID:  J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Sep-Oct;24(5):1086-92. Epub 2010 Jul 28. PMID: 20695989 Abstract Title:  Association of iatrogenic hypothyroidism with azotemia and reduced survival time in cats treated for hyperthyroidism. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can occur after treatment of hyperthyroidism, and is correlated with a reduced glomerular filtration rate in humans and dogs.HYPOTHESIS: Cats with iatrogenic hypothyroidism after treatment for hyperthyroidism will have a greater incidence of azotemia than euthyroid cats.ANIMALS: Eighty client owned cats with hyperthyroidism.METHODS: Two retrospective studies. (1) Longitudinal study of 12 hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine (documented as euthyroid after treatment), to assess changes in plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration over a 6-month follow-up period, (2) Cross-sectional study of 75 hyperthyroid cats (documented as euthyroid) 6 months after commencement of treatment for hyperthyroidism to identify the relationship between thyroid status and the development of azotemia. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to identify relationships between thyroid and renal status and survival.RESULTS: Plasma TSH concentrations were not suppressed in 7 of 8 cats with hypothyroidism 3 months after radioiodine treatment. The proportion of cats with azotemia was significantly (P= .028) greater in the hypothyroid (16 of 28) than the euthyroid group (14 of 47). Twenty-eight of 41 cats (68%) with plasma TT4 concentration below the laboratory reference range had an increased plasma TSH concentration. Hypothyroid cats that developed azotemia within the follow-up period had significantly (P= .018) shorter survival times (median survival time 456 days, range 231-1589 days) than those that remained nonazotemic (median survival time 905 days, range 316-1869 days).CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Iatrogenic hypothyroidism appears to contribute to the development of azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroidism, and reduced survival time in azotemic cats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/treatment-feline-hyperthyroidism-through-conventional-medicine-may-result-hypo#comments Feline Hyperthyroidism Animal Study Sat, 02 Jul 2011 22:56:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 65085 at https://greenmedinfo.com