H3N2 Infection https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/6539/all en Anthocyanin fractions of wild berries strongly inhibit the replication of influenza virus A/H3N2 and coxsackievirus B1 in vitro. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanin-fractions-wild-berries-strongly-inhibit-replication-influenza-viru PMID:  Nat Prod Commun. 2014 Jan ;9(1):51-4. PMID: 24660461 Abstract Title:  In vitro antiviral activity of a series of wild berry fruit extracts against representatives of Picorna-, Orthomyxo- and Paramyxoviridae. Abstract:  Wild berry species are known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. They have long been traditionally applied for their antiseptic, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study is to reveal the potential for selective antiviral activity of total methanol extracts, as well as that of the anthocyanins and the non-anthocyanins from the following wild berries picked in Bulgaria: strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) of the Rosaceae plant family, and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillis L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L) of the Ericaceae. The antiviral effect has been tested against viruses that are important human pathogens and for which chemotherapy and/or chemoprophylaxis is indicated, namely poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and coxsackievirus B1 (CV-B1) from the Picornaviridae virus family, human respiratory syncytial virus A2 (HRSV-A2) from the Paramyxoviridae and influenza virus A/H3N2 of Orthomyxoviridae. Wild berry fruits are freeze-dried and ground, then total methanol extracts are prepared. Further the extracts are fractioned by solid phase extraction and the non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin fractions are eluted. The in vitro antiviral effect is examined by the virus cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition test. The results reveal that the total extracts of all tested berry fruits inhibit the replication of CV-B1 and influenza A virus. CV-B1 is inhibited to the highest degree by both bilberry and strawberry, as well as by lingonberry total extracts, and influenza A by bilberry and strawberry extracts. Anthocyanin fractions of all wild berries strongly inhibit the replication of influenza virus A/H3N2. Given the obtained results it is concluded that wild berry species are a valuable resource of antiviral substances and the present study should serve as a basis for further detailed research on the matter. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanin-fractions-wild-berries-strongly-inhibit-replication-influenza-viru#comments Anthocyanins Bilberry Coxsackievirus Infections H3N2 Infection Influenza A Lingonberry Raspberry Strawberry Antiviral Agents Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Tue, 02 Jun 2015 19:47:48 +0000 greenmedinfo 117986 at https://greenmedinfo.com Anti-influenza virus activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anti-influenza-virus-activity-ginkgo-biloba-leaf-extracts PMID:  J Nat Med. 2012 Nov 22. Epub 2012 Nov 22. PMID: 23179317 Abstract Title:  Anti-influenza virus activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Abstract:  We examined the influence of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) on the infectivity of influenza viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Plaque assays demonstrated that multiplication of influenza viruses after adsorption to host cells was not affected in the agarose overlay containing EGb. However, when the viruses were treated with EGb before exposure to cells, their infectivity was markedly reduced. In contrast, the inhibitory effect was not observed when MDCK cells were treated with EGb before infection with influenza viruses. Hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed that EGb interferes with the interaction between influenza viruses and erythrocytes. The inhibitory effect of EGb was observed against influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B viruses. These results suggest that EGb contains an anti-influenza virus substance(s) that directly affects influenza virus particles and disrupts the function of hemagglutinin in adsorption to host cells. In addition to the finding of the anti-influenza virus activity of EGb, our results demonstrated interesting and important insights into the screening system for anti-influenza virus activity. In general, the plaque assay using drug-containing agarose overlays is one of the most reliable methods for detection of antiviral activity. However, our results showed that EGb had no effects either on the number of plaques or on their sizes in the plaque assay. These findings suggest the existence of inhibitory activities against the influenza virus that were overlooked in past studies. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anti-influenza-virus-activity-ginkgo-biloba-leaf-extracts#comments Ginkgo biloba H3N2 Infection Influenza A Viral Hemagglutinin Inhibitor In Vitro Study Tue, 11 Dec 2012 13:14:52 +0000 greenmedinfo 86530 at https://greenmedinfo.com Ginseng extract exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of influenza virus in vitro. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/ginseng-extract-exhibited-inhibitory-effects-growth-influenza-virus-vitro PMID:  J Med Food. 2012 Oct ;15(10):855-62. Epub 2012 Aug 2. PMID: 22856395 Abstract Title:  Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on the infections by H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in mice. Abstract:  Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years and is known to have multiple biological and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Korean red ginseng extract would have preventive and antiviral effects on influenza virus infection. Oral administration to mice of red ginseng extract prior to infection significantly increased survival after infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Daily oral treatment of vaccinated mice with red ginseng extract provided enhanced cross-protection against antigenically distinct H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Naive mice that were infected with virus mixed with red ginseng extract showed significantly enhanced protection, lower levels of lung viral titers and interleukin-6, but higher levels of interferon-γ compared with control mice having virus infections without red ginseng extract, indicating an antiviral effect of ginseng. In addition, ginseng extract exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of influenza virus in vitro. This study provides evidence that intake of ginseng extract will have beneficial effects on preventing lethal infection with newly emerging influenza viruses. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/ginseng-extract-exhibited-inhibitory-effects-growth-influenza-virus-vitro" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/ginseng-extract-exhibited-inhibitory-effects-growth-influenza-virus-vitro#comments Ginseng (Korean) H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza A Antiviral Agents Interleukin-6 Downregulation Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Fri, 23 Dec 2016 18:05:16 +0000 greenmedinfo 140888 at https://greenmedinfo.com Green tea contains compounds which inhibit influenza virus replication through the inhibition of both viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-contains-compounds-which-inhibit-influenza-virus-replication-through PMID:  Antiviral Res. 2005 Nov;68(2):66-74. Epub 2005 Aug 9. PMID: 16137775 Abstract Title:  Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Abstract:  Polyphenolic compound catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC)) from green tea were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell culture and for potentially direct virucidal effect. Among the test compounds, the EGCG and ECG were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication in MDCK cell culture and this effect was observed in all influenza virus subtypes tested, including A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B virus. The 50% effective inhibition concentration (EC50) of EGCG, ECG, and EGC for influenza A virus were 22-28, 22-40 and 309-318 microM, respectively. EGCG and ECG exhibited hemagglutination inhibition activity, EGCG being more effective. However, the sensitivity in hemagglutination inhibition was widely different among three different subtypes of influenza viruses tested. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that, at high concentration, EGCG and ECG also suppressed viral RNA synthesis in MDCK cells whereas EGC failed to show similar effect. Similarly, EGCG and ECG inhibited the neuraminidase activity more effectively than the EGC. The results show that the 3-galloyl group of catechin skeleton plays an important role on the observed antiviral activity, whereas the 5&#039;-OH at the trihydroxy benzyl moiety at 2-position plays a minor role. The results, along with the HA type-specific effect, suggest that the antiviral effect of catechins on influenza virus is mediated not only by specific interaction with HA, but altering the physical properties of viral membrane. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-contains-compounds-which-inhibit-influenza-virus-replication-through#comments Catechin EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate) Green Tea H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza Influenza A Influenza B Neurominidase Inhibitor Viral Hemagglutinin Inhibitor In Vitro Study Thu, 03 Sep 2009 12:42:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 46792 at https://greenmedinfo.com Myrica ruba leaf extract inhibits H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/myrica-ruba-leaf-extract-inhibits-h1n1-and-h3n2-influenza-viruses PMID:  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008 Nov;72(11):3018-20. Epub 2008 Nov 7. PMID: 18997411 Abstract Title:  Anti-influenza virus activity of Myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract evaluated using Madino-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Abstract:  Myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract was added to culture medium of Madino-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells inoculated with influenza virus, and the inhibition of influenza virus replication was measured. Myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract showed anti-influenza virus activity irrespective of the hemagglutinin antigen type in the influenza virus type A (H1N1), its subtype (H3N2), and type B. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/myrica-ruba-leaf-extract-inhibits-h1n1-and-h3n2-influenza-viruses#comments H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza A Influenza B Myrica rubra Antiviral Agents H3N2 In Vitro Study Sat, 08 Aug 2009 14:14:18 +0000 greenmedinfo 46542 at https://greenmedinfo.com Polyphenols from the medical mushroom Phellinus baumii inhibited H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2 neuraminidase activity. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/polyphenols-medical-mushroom-phellinus-baumii-inhibited-h1n1-h5n1-and-h3n2-neu PMID:  Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2015 Aug 15 ;25(16):3256-60. Epub 2015 May 31. PMID: 26077494 Abstract Title:  Anti-influenza activities of polyphenols from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus baumii. Abstract:  Five polyphenols were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Phellinus baumii. These compounds were identified by various spectroscopic methods as hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A, davallialactone, and phelligridin D. All compounds inhibited noncompetitively H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2 neuraminidase activity and reduced the amount of virally-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) according to an MDCK cell-based assay. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/polyphenols-medical-mushroom-phellinus-baumii-inhibited-h1n1-h5n1-and-h3n2-neu#comments H3N2 Infection H5N1 Infection Influenza A Medicinal Mushrooms Mushrooms: All Polyphenols Neurominidase Inhibitor In Vitro Study Sat, 14 Nov 2015 03:00:14 +0000 greenmedinfo 121632 at https://greenmedinfo.com Pomegranate polyphenol inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/pomegranate-polyphenol-inhibits-influenza-virus-and-has-synergistic-effect-ose PMID:  Phytomedicine. 2009 Jul 6. PMID: 19586764 Abstract Title:  Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. Abstract:  Influenza epidemics cause numerous deaths and millions of hospitalizations each year. Because of the alarming emergence of resistance to anti-influenza drugs, there is a need to identify new naturally occurring antiviral molecules. We tested the hypothesis that pomegranate polyphenol extract (PPE) has anti-influenza properties. Using real time PCR, plaque assay, and TCID 50% hemagglutination assay, we have shown that PPE suppresses replication of influenza A virus in MDCK cells. PPE inhibits agglutination of chicken red blood cells (cRBC) by influenza virus and is virucidal. The single-cycle growth conditions indicated that independent of the virucidal effect PPE also inhibits viral RNA replication. PPE did not alter virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) entry into nucleus or translocation of virus RNP from nucleus to cytoplasm in MDCK cells. We evaluated four major Polyphenols in PPE (ellagic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and punicalagin) and demonstrated that punicalagin is the effective, anti-influenza component of PPE. Punicalagin blocked replication of the virus RNA, inhibited agglutination of chicken RBC&#039;s by the virus and had virucidal effects. Furthermore, the combination of PPE and oseltamivir synergistically increased the anti-influenza effect of oseltamivir. In conclusion, PPE inhibited the replication of human influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2) in vitro. Pomegranate extracts should be further studied for therapeutic and prophylactic potential especially for influenza epidemics and pandemics. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/pomegranate-polyphenol-inhibits-influenza-virus-and-has-synergistic-effect-ose#comments H3N2 Infection Influenza Pomegranate Antiviral Agents Drug-Plant-Vitamin Synergies Synergy with Oseltamivir In Vitro Study Fri, 14 Aug 2009 19:42:56 +0000 greenmedinfo 46627 at https://greenmedinfo.com Prunus mume (Japanese apricot) juice extract inhibits human influenza A virus in vitro. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/prunus-mume-japanese-apricot-juice-extract-inhibits-human-influenza-virus-vitr PMID:  Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Mar;31(3):511-5. PMID: 18310920 Abstract Title:  In vitro inhibition of human influenza A virus infection by fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC). Abstract:  Using a plaque reduction assay, treatment of human influenza A viruses with the fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC) showed strong in vitro anti-influenza activity against human influenza A viruses before viral adsorption, but not after viral adsorption, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus, A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus and A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) virus of 6.35+/-0.17, 2.84+/-1.98 and 0.53+/-0.10 microg/ml, respectively. The plum-juice concentrate exhibited hemagglutination activity toward guinea pig erythrocytes. Its hemagglutination activity was inhibited by the monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid and a sialoglycoprotein (fetuin), but not by the other tested monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine), suggesting the presence of a lectin-like molecule(s) in the Japanese plum-juice concentrate. Our findings suggest that the fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum may prevent and reduce infection with human influenza A virus, possibly via inhibition of viral hemagglutinin attachment to host cell surfaces by its lectin-like activity. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/prunus-mume-japanese-apricot-juice-extract-inhibits-human-influenza-virus-vitr#comments H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza A Ume (Japanese apricot) Antiviral Agents In Vitro Study Mon, 20 Jul 2009 17:54:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 45797 at https://greenmedinfo.com The administration of oral maoto granules to healthy adults with seasonal influenza was well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy to oseltamivir or zanamivir. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/administration-oral-maoto-granules-healthy-adults-seasonal-influenza-was-well- PMID:  J Infect Chemother. 2012 Aug ;18(4):534-43. Epub 2012 Feb 16. PMID: 22350323 Abstract Title:  A randomized, controlled trial comparing traditional herbal medicine and neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of seasonal influenza. Abstract:  The herbal medicine, maoto, has been traditionally prescribed to patients with influenza in Japan. To better understand the efficacy of maoto for the treatment of influenza, a randomized trial was conducted for comparison with oseltamivir or zanamivir. Adult patients with influenza symptoms, including fever, positive for quick diagnostic kit for influenza within 48 h of fever onset were assessed for enrollment. The data of 28 patients randomly assigned to maoto (n = 10), oseltamivir (n = 8), or zanamivir (n = 10) were analyzed for the duration of fever (&gt;37.5°C) and total symptom score from symptom cards recorded by the patient. Viral isolation and serum cytokine measurements were also done on days 1, 3, and 5. Maoto granules, a commercial medical dosage form, are made from four plants: Ephedra Herb, Apricot Kernel, Cinnamon Bark, and Glycyrrhiza Root.Median durations of fever of patients assigned maoto, oseltamivir, or zanamivir were 29, 46, or 27 h, respectively, significantly different for maoto and oseltamivir. No significant between-group differences were found in total symptom score among three groups. Viral persistent rates and serum cytokine levels (IFN-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) during the study period showed no differences among three groups. The administration of oral maoto granules to healthy adults with seasonal influenza was well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy to neuraminidase inhibitors. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/administration-oral-maoto-granules-healthy-adults-seasonal-influenza-was-well-#comments Apricot Kernel Cinnamon Ephedra sinica (Ma Huang) H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza Influenza A Antiviral Agents Enzyme Inhibitors Oseltamivir (trade name Tamiflu) Zanamivir Cytokine Modulation Maoto Granules Natural Substances Versus Drugs Human Study Sun, 12 Apr 2015 02:53:47 +0000 greenmedinfo 116806 at https://greenmedinfo.com The traditional Japanese herbal formula Sho-seiryu-to inhibits various influenza virus types, e.g. H1N1, H3N2. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/traditional-japanese-herbal-formula-sho-seiryu-inhibits-various-influenza-viru PMID:  Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1996 May;18(2):193-208. PMID: 8771367 Abstract Title:  In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine &quot;Sho-seiryu-to&quot;--effects on aged mice, against subtypes of a viruses and B virus, and therapeutic effect. Abstract:  When aged BALB/c mice (approximately 6 months old) were treated with a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine &quot;Sho-seiryu-to (SST)&quot; (1 g/kg, 10 times) orally from 7 days before to 4 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1 subtype) by nasal site-restricted infection, replication of the virus in the broncho-alveolar cavity was efficiently inhibited at 5 days after infection in comparison with water-treated mice. The antiviral IgA antibody in the broncho-alveolar wash of the SST treated aged mice increased significantly. When mice (7 weeks old) were administered orally with SST (1 and 2 g/kg, 7 times) from 4 days before to 3 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus A/Guizhou/54/89 (H3N2 subtype) or B/Ibaraki/2/85, replication of the viruses in the nasal cavity and lung were significantly inhibited at 4 days after infection in comparison with control mice. When mice infected with influenza virus A/Fukuoka/C29/85 (H3N2) before 14 days were secondary infected with A/PR/8 virus and administered orally with SST (1 g/kg, 5 times) from 2 h to 5 days after the secondary infection, replication of the virus in both nasal and broncho-alveolar cavities were significantly inhibited at 5 days after the secondary infection in comparison with water-treated control. Oral administration of SST (1 g/kg, 18 times) from 7 days before to 14 days after vaccination followed by secondary nasal inoculation of influenza HA vaccine (5 micrograms/mouse) at 14 days after the first vaccination significantly augmented nasal antiviral IgA antibody and broncho-alveolar and serum antiviral IgG antibodies. These results suggest that SST is useful for influenza virus infection on aged persons and for cross-protection of subtypes of influenza A viruses and influenza B virus. SST is also useful for the treatment of influenza virus infection on human which has a history of influenza virus infection and/or influenza vaccination. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/traditional-japanese-herbal-formula-sho-seiryu-inhibits-various-influenza-viru#comments H1N1 Infection H3N2 Infection Influenza A Influenza B Japanese Herbal Formula: Sho-seiryu-to Antiviral Agents Animal Study Sat, 08 Aug 2009 14:20:10 +0000 greenmedinfo 46544 at https://greenmedinfo.com Vitamin C plays a critical role in vivo anti-viral immune responses against influenza virus. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vitamin-c-plays-critical-role-vivo-anti-viral-immune-responses-against-influen PMID:  Immune Netw. 2013 Apr ;13(2):70-4. Epub 2013 Apr 30. PMID: 23700397 Abstract Title:  Vitamin C Is an Essential Factor on the Anti-viral Immune Responses through the Production of Interferon-α/β at the Initial Stage of Influenza A Virus (H3N2) Infection. Abstract:  L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the well-known anti-viral agents, especially to influenza virus. Since the in vivo anti-viral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin C could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using Gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like humans. First, we found that vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (H3N2/Hongkong). Viral titers in the lung of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice were definitely increased but production of anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-α/β, was decreased. On the contrary, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-α/β, were increased in the lung. Taken together, vitamin C shows in vivo anti-viral immune responses at theearly time of infection, especially against influenza virus, through increased production of IFN-α/β. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vitamin-c-plays-critical-role-vivo-anti-viral-immune-responses-against-influen" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/vitamin-c-plays-critical-role-vivo-anti-viral-immune-responses-against-influen#comments H3N2 Infection Influenza A Vitamin C Antiviral Agents Immunomodulatory Animal Study Fri, 23 Dec 2016 18:12:34 +0000 greenmedinfo 140889 at https://greenmedinfo.com