BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/72435/all en "Although BRCA positive patients have more frequently negative prognostic factors, their prognosis appears to be equal to or better than in patients with BRCA-WT." https://greenmedinfo.com/article/although-brca-positive-patients-have-more-frequently-negative-prognostic-facto PMID:  BMC Cancer. 2005 ;5:70. Epub 2005 Jul 4. PMID: 15996267 Abstract Title:  Familial breast cancer: characteristics and outcome of BRCA 1-2 positive and negative cases. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: The clinical and pathological characteristics and the clinical course of patients with breast cancer and BRCA 1-2 mutation are poorly known.METHODS: From 1997, patients with breast cancer and a family history of breast or ovarian cancer were offered BRCA testing. The clinical and pathological features of patients with known BRCA status were retrospectively assessed and comparisons were made between cancers arising in BRCA positive and BRCA wild type (WT) patients respectively. Type of treatment, pattern of relapse, event (local relapse, contralateral breast cancer, metastases) free and overall survival were also compared in the two groups. Out of the 210 patients tested, 125 had been treated and followed-up at our Institution and were evaluated in this study.RESULTS: BRCA positive patients tended to be more often premenopausal (79% vs 65%) and to have positive lymphnodes (63% vs 49%), poorly differentiated tumours (76% vs 40%--p = 0.002 at univariate analysis, not significant at multivariate analysis) and negative estrogen receptors (43% vs 29%). Treatment was not different in the two groups. In the 86 BRCA-WT patients, the first event was a local relapse in 3 (3%), metachronous contralateral breast cancer in 7 (8%) and distant metastases in 16 (19%). In the 39 BRCA positive patients, the corresponding figures were 3 (8%), 8 (21%) and 3 (8%). There was no difference in event free survival, with a median of 180 months in both groups of patients. At 20 years, projected survival was 85% for BRCA positive patients and 55% for BRCA-WT, but this difference was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: Although BRCA positive patients have more frequently negative prognostic factors, their prognosis appears to be equal to or better than in patients with BRCA-WT. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/although-brca-positive-patients-have-more-frequently-negative-prognostic-facto#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Anti-metastatic BRCA MYTH Human Study Wed, 24 Oct 2012 16:13:26 +0000 greenmedinfo 83561 at https://greenmedinfo.com A 6.6% prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations was found in young breast cancer patients. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/66-prevalence-brca1-and-brca2-germline-mutations-was-found-young-breast-cancer PMID:  Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 10 ;106(4):588-93. PMID: 12845657 Abstract Title:  Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in young breast cancer patients: a population-based study. Abstract:  Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes among unselected incident cases of breast cancer in young women. We identified 158 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed before age 46 years in predefined geographic areas in Girona and Tarragona, Spain, during 1995-1997. Of these, 136 (86%) provided information on family history of cancer and were screened for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Nine of the 136 (6.6%) were found to carry BRCA deleterious mutations (MUT) (1 BRCA1 and 8 BRCA2), and 20 were detected with rare BRCA variants of unknown significance (UV). Both MUT and US BRCA alterations were more frequent in younger patients: 7 (11.6%) MUT and 12 (19.3%) UV carriers were found in the group of 62 patients younger than 40 years, whereas 2 (2.7%) MUT and 9 (12%) US carriers were identified in the group of 74 patients aged 40-45. Family history of breast and ovarian cancers suggestive of hereditary condition (at least 2 first- or second-degree relatives affected with breast cancer or at least 1 relative affected with ovarian cancer or early-onset breast cancer) was absent for 5 of 9 MUT carriers. This suggests that BRCA screening policies based on family history of cancer would miss a considerable proportion of BRCA mutations. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes explain at least 10% of breast cancer cases diagnosed before age 40 years. The contribution of these genes to early-onset breast cancer is likely to be even higher given that certain UV cases might be disease-associated. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/66-prevalence-brca1-and-brca2-germline-mutations-was-found-young-breast-cancer#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Human Study Wed, 24 Oct 2012 15:48:19 +0000 greenmedinfo 83558 at https://greenmedinfo.com Alcohol consumption is not a risk factor for breast cancer among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/alcohol-consumption-not-risk-factor-breast-cancer-among-women-brca1-or-brca2-m PMID:  Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Jun ;151(2):435-41. Epub 2015 May 3. PMID: 25935583 Abstract Title:  Prospective evaluation of alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Abstract:  Given the adverse effect of alcohol in the development of breast cancer among women in the general population, we evaluated whether a similar association exists among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Information regarding baseline daily alcohol consumption was abstracted from a research questionnaire for 3067 BRCA mutation carriers enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Women were followed biennially until the date of the last follow-up questionnaire, date of breast cancer diagnosis, date of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy, or date of death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for invasive breast cancer associated with alcohol consumed at or prior to completion of the baseline questionnaire. After a mean of 5.4 years of follow-up, we observed 259 incident cases of primary invasive breast cancer. Compared with non-users, the adjusted RRs were 1.06 (95 % CI 0.78-1.44) for ever use and 1.08 (0.79-1.47) for current alcohol use. For women in the highest versus lowest quintile of cumulative alcohol consumption, the RR was 0.94 (95 % CI 0.63-1.40; P trend = 0.65). Our findings suggest that alcohol consumption is not a risk factor for breast cancer among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/alcohol-consumption-not-risk-factor-breast-cancer-among-women-brca1-or-brca2-m#comments Alcohol BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer: BRCA1 BRCA Gene Human Study Tue, 09 Jun 2015 18:38:51 +0000 greenmedinfo 118169 at https://greenmedinfo.com BRCA2 mutation carriers and non-carriers have similar breast cancer-specific rates of death. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/brca2-mutation-carriers-and-non-carriers-have-similar-breast-cancer-specific-r PMID:  BMC Cancer. 2009 ;9:62. Epub 2009 Feb 20. PMID: 19232099 Abstract Title:  Role of BRCA2 mutation status on overall survival among breast cancer patients from Sardinia. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Conversely, the impact of BRCA mutations on prognosis and survival of breast cancer patients is still debated. In this study, we investigated the role of such mutations on breast cancer-specific survival among patients from North Sardinia.METHODS: Among incident cases during the period 1997-2002, a total of 512 breast cancer patients gave their consent to undergo BRCA mutation screening by DHPLC analysis and automated DNA sequencing. The Hakulinen, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression methods were used for both relative survival assessment and statistical analysis.RESULTS: In our series, patients carrying a germline mutation in coding regions and splice boundaries of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were 48/512 (9%). Effect on overall survival was evaluated taking into consideration BRCA2 carriers, who represented the vast majority (44/48; 92%) of mutation-positive patients. A lower breast cancer-specific overall survival rate was observed in BRCA2 mutation carriers after the first two years from diagnosis. However, survival rates were similar in both groups after five years from diagnosis. No significant difference was found for age of onset, disease stage, and primary tumour histopathology between the two subsets.CONCLUSION: In Sardinian breast cancer population, BRCA2 was the most affected gene and the effects of BRCA2 germline mutations on patients&#039; survival were demonstrated to vary within the first two years from diagnosis. After a longer follow-up observation, breast cancer-specific rates of death were instead similar for BRCA2 mutation carriers and non-carriers. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/brca2-mutation-carriers-and-non-carriers-have-similar-breast-cancer-specific-r#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence BRCA MYTH Human Study Wed, 24 Oct 2012 16:15:28 +0000 greenmedinfo 83562 at https://greenmedinfo.com Did Angelina Jolie Make A Mistake By Acting On The 'Breast Cancer Gene' Theory? https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/did-angelina-jolie-make-mistake-acting-breast-cancer-gene-theory <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2014<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Did Angelina Jolie Make A Mistake By Acting On The " breast="" cancer="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/Sayer Ji/images/breast_cancer_angelina_joli.gif" /></p> <p><em><strong><span style="font-size:18px;">The 'prophylactic' removal of women's breasts due to BRCA1/BRCA2 status has become a disturbingly popular trend, and increasingly it is being celebrated in the mainstream media and medical establishments as a reasonable choice. But does the scientific evidence itself refute this approach? </span></strong></em></p> <p>Angelina Jolie's recent announcement in a <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?hp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">New York Times op-ed</a> that she had a 'prophylactic' double mastectomy due to her <strong><a href="/disease/brca1brca2-prevalence">BRCA1/BRCA2</a></strong> status has disturbing implications, some of which we covered late last year in connection with Allyn Rose, the 24-year old Miss America contestant who announced she would be undergoing a double <strong><a href="/blog/pinkwashing-hell-breast-removal-form-prevention">mastectomy to "prevent" breast cancer</a></strong>.</p> <p>Beyond the fact that as high-profile celebrities their decisions will affect millions of women's perception of the procedure, likely making them more accepting of the concept, their decisions also reflect profound misconceptions about gene-mediated disease risk embedded deeply within popular consciousness, from which prevailing medical opinion is hardly immune.</p> <p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Joeli" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/Sayer Ji/images/joeli.PNG" /></p> <p>First, there is a common misconception about the role that the so-called breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, play in breast cancer disease risk and prognosis. &nbsp;BRCA mutations vary widely by ethnicity and are exceedingly rare in the general population, which is why, as <a href="http://vitals.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/14/18250762-more-women-opting-for-preventive-mastectomy-but-should-they-be?lite" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NBCNews.com recently reported</a>, "The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that only women with a strong family history even think about getting a BRCA genetic test –which is only 2 percent of U.S. women." But even in those in which a BRCA mutation is identified, the genes, in and of themselves, do not alone make the disease.</p> <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/did-angelina-jolie-make-mistake-acting-breast-cancer-gene-theory" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/did-angelina-jolie-make-mistake-acting-breast-cancer-gene-theory#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer Breast Cancer: Diagnosis Health Guide: Breast Cancer Lumpectomy Mastectomy Radiotherapy BRCA MYTH Tue, 14 May 2013 19:51:15 +0000 Sayer Ji 97884 at https://greenmedinfo.com Disease-free and overall survival were similar for sporadic and hereditary (BRCA) breast cancer in the presence of different tumour characteristics. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/disease-free-and-overall-survival-were-similar-sporadic-and-hereditary-brca-br PMID:  Lancet. 1998 Jan 31 ;351(9099):316-21. PMID: 9652611 Abstract Title:  Survival and tumour characteristics of breast-cancer patients with germline mutations of BRCA1. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Hereditary breast cancer has been associated with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and has a natural history different from sporadic breast cancer. We investigated disease-free and overall survival for patients with a proven BRCA1 alteration.METHODS: We estimated disease-free and overall survival for 49 Dutch patients from 19 consecutive families with a proven specific BRCA1 mutation and one family with strong evidence for linkage to the BRCA1 gene. We compared clinical outcome and data on tumour size, histology, axillary nodal status, contralateral breast cancer, and oestrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor status with those of 196 patients with sporadic breast cancer, matched for age and year of diagnosis.FINDINGS: Disease-free survival for BRCA1 and sporadic patients at 5 years was 49% (95% CI 33-64) and 51% (43-59), respectively (p=0.98). Overall survival at 5 years was 63% (47-76) and 69% (62-76), respectively (p=0.88). Recurrence and death rates did not differ significantly between groups. Hazard ratios for recurrence and death among BRCA1 patients were 1.00 (0.65-1.55) and 1.04 (0.63-1.71) relative to sporadic patients (p=0.88), and these did not differ significantly after adjustment for prognostic factors. Patients with BRCA1-associated breast cancer had twice as many progesterone-receptor-negative tumours (p https://greenmedinfo.com/article/disease-free-and-overall-survival-were-similar-sporadic-and-hereditary-brca-br#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence BRCA MYTH Human Study Wed, 24 Oct 2012 16:18:08 +0000 greenmedinfo 83563 at https://greenmedinfo.com Evidence that BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated cancers are not inevitable. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/evidence-brca1-and-brca2-associated-cancers-are-not-inevitable PMID:  Mol Med. 2012 ;18:1327-37. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PMID: 22972572 Abstract Title:  Evidence that BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated cancers are not inevitable. Abstract:  Inheriting a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation can cause a deficiency in repairing complex DNA damage. This step leads to genomic instability and probably contributes to an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. Complex DNA damage has been viewed as an integral part of DNA replication before cell division. It causes temporary replication blocks, replication fork collapse, chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Chemical modification of DNA may also occur spontaneously as a byproduct of normal processes. Pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene products are essential to repair spontaneous complex DNA damage or to carry out SCEs if repair is not possible. This scenario creates a theoretical limit that effectively means there are spontaneous BRCA1/2-associated cancers that cannot be prevented or delayed. However, much evidence for high rates of spontaneous DNA mutation is based on measuring SCEs by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Here we find that the routine use of BrdU has probably led to overestimating spontaneous DNA damage and SCEs because BrdU is itself a mutagen. Evidence based on spontaneous chromosome abnormalities and epidemiologic data indicates strong effects from exogenous mutagens and does not support the inevitability of cancer in all BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. We therefore remove a theoretical argument that has limited efforts to develop chemoprevention strategies to delay or prevent cancers in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/evidence-brca1-and-brca2-associated-cancers-are-not-inevitable#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Cancers DNA damage Review Tue, 27 Jan 2015 20:53:33 +0000 greenmedinfo 116140 at https://greenmedinfo.com Is BRCA ("Breast Cancer Gene") A Death Sentence? https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/brca-breast-cancer-gene-death-sentence <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2015<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter" dir="ltr"><img alt="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/Sayer Ji/images/brca_death_sentence.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 400px; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid;" /></p> <p dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16px;"><em><strong>What we think we know about the BRCA (<u>B</u>reast <u>C</u>ancer <u>S</u>usceptibility <u>A</u>ssociated) genes causing cancer is patently false, according to a new meta-analysis on the extant literature on the subject of these gene variations on breast cancer survival prognosis. &nbsp;</strong></em></span></p><p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/brca-breast-cancer-gene-death-sentence" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/brca-breast-cancer-gene-death-sentence#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer Breast Cancer: BRCA1 Breast Cancer: Prevention Ovarian Borderline Tumors (BOTs) Ovarian Cancer Cancer Health Guide: Breast Cancer BRCA MYTH Health Myths Explored Thu, 02 Apr 2015 14:25:41 +0000 Sayer Ji 116588 at https://greenmedinfo.com Medicine, Mutilation or Stock Manipulation? The Strange Case of Angelina Jolie https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/medicine-mutilation-or-stock-manipulation-strange-case-angelina-jolie <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2013<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Medicine, Mutilation or Stock Manipulation? The Strange Case of Angelina Jolie" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/Sayer Ji/images/mastectomy_as_prevention.jpg" style="width: 303px; height: 400px;" /></p> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:12px;">First published on <a href="http://www.anh-europe.org/Medicine_mutilation_or_stock_manipulation_The_strange_case_of_Angelina_Jolie" target="_blank">ANH-europe.org</a></span></p> <p>Depending on where you look, Angelina Jolie's decision to have a double mastectomy as a protective measure against breast cancer is being described as incredibly brave, amazingly ill-informed or unbelievably greedy and manipulative.&nbsp;We take a look at some of the issues raised by this larger-than-life story.</p> <h1> Just the facts, ma'am</h1> <p>Last week, it emerged that Angelina Jolie had had a <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">double mastectomy</a> to drastically reduce her future chances of developing breast cancer, declaring that she, <em>"Feel[s] empowered that I made a strong choice that in no way diminishes my femininity"</em>.&nbsp;Jolie's DNA carries a mutation in the DNA repair-related BRCA1 gene, which is <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.472/full" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">strongly linked</a> to breast cancer development – the risk in her case, according to her doctors, was a <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/260516.php" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">whopping 87%</a>. &nbsp;Opting for such radical surgery has, they assure her, reduced her breast cancer risk to <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">under 5%</a>.</p> <p>Furthermore, Jolie had a strong family history of cancer.&nbsp;Her mother, Marcheline Bertrand, died of <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/260516.php" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ovarian cancer</a> in 2007, and Jolie's own lifetime ovarian cancer risk has been estimated at 50%.&nbsp;Reportedly, Jolie is considering oophorectomy to <a href="http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20700372,00.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">remove her ovaries as well</a>.</p> <p>The mainstream media applause for Jolie's decision has been <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=angelina+jolie+brave&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&amp;client=firefox-a" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">deafening</a>, and even British politicians couldn't resist climbing aboard <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/women_shealth/10055920/William-Hague-praises-brave-Angelina-Jolie-after-she-reveals-double-mastectomy.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">the bandwagon</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/medicine-mutilation-or-stock-manipulation-strange-case-angelina-jolie" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/medicine-mutilation-or-stock-manipulation-strange-case-angelina-jolie#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Health Guide: Breast Cancer Fri, 24 May 2013 12:00:00 +0000 adamanhinternational 98899 at https://greenmedinfo.com Pinkwashing Hell: Breast Removal as a Form of "Prevention" https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/pinkwashing-hell-breast-removal-form-prevention <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2012<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Pinkwashing Hell: Breast Removal as a Form of &quot;Prevention&quot;" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/sayerji/images/mastectomy_as_prevention.jpg" style="width: 303px; height: 400px;" /></p> <p><span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><em>Following closely on the heels of the year's most intensive annual cause-marketing campaign, October's Breast Cancer Awareness Month, two chilling events of grave concern to women and their health were widely (but mostly superficially) reported on in the mainstream media.</em></strong></span></p> <p><strong>First</strong>, Allyn Rose, Miss America contestant, announced in early November that she would be undergoing a double mastectomy to "prevent" breast cancer. Rose, a <em>healthy</em> 24-year old Maryland native who lost her mother to breast cancer when she was 16, has been lauded by certain media outlets as an "awareness raising" role model for having the courage to take this "precautionary step" and for spreading her mastectomy-inspired "message of preventive health care" to the masses.&nbsp; Many of the reports discussed how her decision was spurned by her awareness of having a genetic predisposition for breast cancer.</p> <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/pinkwashing-hell-breast-removal-form-prevention" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/pinkwashing-hell-breast-removal-form-prevention#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer Cancer Health Guide: Breast Cancer Mastectomy Mon, 26 Nov 2012 13:00:00 +0000 Sayer Ji 85454 at https://greenmedinfo.com Soy phytoestrogens decrease DNA methylation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncosuppressor genes in breast cancer. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/soy-phytoestrogens-decrease-dna-methylation-brca1-and-brca2-oncosuppressor-gen PMID:  OMICS. 2012 May ;16(5):235-44. Epub 2012 Feb 17. PMID: 22339411 Abstract Title:  Can soy phytoestrogens decrease DNA methylation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncosuppressor genes in breast cancer? Abstract:  Although soy phytoestrogens have been postulated to exert a protective effect against breast cancer, the attendant mechanisms, in particular epigenetics underpinnings, have remained elusive. We investigated the putative effects on DNA methylation by two naturally occurring isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in a study of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncosuppressor genes in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, and MCF10a). A demethylant agent, the 5-azacytidine, and a methylant, the budesonide, were used as treatment controls. DNA methylation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was investigated with methylated DNA immunoprecipitation coupled with PCR. In parallel, protein expression was determined by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. Our results suggest that treatment with 18.5 μM Genistein or 78.5 μM Daidzein might reverse DNA hypermethylation and restore the expression of the oncosuppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. 5-Azacitydine also enhanced the reexpression of these genes while budesonide had an opposite effect. To the best of our knowledge, these observations, while requiring replication, provide new evidence on potential epigenetic mechanisms by which genistein and daidzein might contribute to regulation of the BRCA1 and BRCA2. Future studies are warranted on whether the demethylating effect of genistein and daidzein is global or focused on select candidate genes. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/soy-phytoestrogens-decrease-dna-methylation-brca1-and-brca2-oncosuppressor-gen#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer Daidzein Genistein Isoflavones Soy BRCA MYTH Epigenetic Modification In Cancer In Vitro Study Thu, 05 Jun 2014 19:48:45 +0000 greenmedinfo 112693 at https://greenmedinfo.com The case against BRCA 1 and 2 testing. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/case-against-brca-1-and-2-testing PMID:  Surgery. 2011 Jun ;149(6):731-4. PMID: 21621683 Abstract Title:  The case against BRCA 1 and 2 testing. Abstract:  no abstract available. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/case-against-brca-1-and-2-testing#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer Review Mon, 26 Nov 2012 13:55:09 +0000 greenmedinfo 85471 at https://greenmedinfo.com The onset of BC in this population can be influenced by reproductive factors such as the number of pregnancies and the use of oral contraceptives. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/onset-bc-population-can-be-influenced-reproductive-factors-such-number-pregnan PMID:  Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2016 Mar ;4(2):172-7. Epub 2015 Dec 10. PMID: 27066510 Abstract Title:  Effect of lifestyle and reproductive factors on the onset of breast cancer in female BRCA 1 and 2 mutation carriers. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: The birth year-dependent onset of breast cancer (BC) in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers suggests a risk-modifying role for reproductive and life style factors. We therefore examined possible associations between these factors and age at diagnosis.METHODS: Cox regression analysis and log-Rank testing were used to estimate the effect of potential life style factors on the onset of BC in 197 BRCA mutation carriers.RESULTS: Nulliparous BRCA mutation carriers developed BC earlier than those who had delivered (36.4 vs. 40.9; P = 0.001). Similarly, smokers and women who had used oral contraceptives experienced an earlier cancer onset (39.0 vs. 41.4; P = 0.05 and 39.3 vs. 44.9; P = 0.0001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, oral contraceptive use (HR: 1.7; P = 0.006) and birth cohort ( https://greenmedinfo.com/article/onset-bc-population-can-be-influenced-reproductive-factors-such-number-pregnan#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer: BRCA1 Oral Contraceptives Risk Factors Human Study Fri, 15 Apr 2016 22:58:04 +0000 greenmedinfo 126130 at https://greenmedinfo.com The prevalence of BRCA mutations in an unselected population of triple-negative breast cancer is 10.6%.. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/prevalence-brca-mutations-unselected-population-triple-negative-breast-cancer- PMID:  Cancer. 2012 Jun 1 ;118(11):2787-95. Epub 2011 Oct 5. PMID: 22614657 Abstract Title:  Prevalence of BRCA mutations in an unselected population of triple-negative breast cancer. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: This study assessed BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation prevalence in an unselected cohort of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (BC).METHODS: One hundred ninety-nine patients were enrolled. Triple negativity was defined as https://greenmedinfo.com/article/prevalence-brca-mutations-unselected-population-triple-negative-breast-cancer-#comments BRCA1/BRCA2: Prevalence Breast Cancer: Triple Negative Human Study Wed, 24 Oct 2012 15:40:10 +0000 greenmedinfo 83557 at https://greenmedinfo.com