Learning disorders https://greenmedinfo.com/taxonomy/term/9498/all en Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin, and their regulating enzymes decreased the in hippocampus of microwave-exposed animals https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine-and-serotonin-and-their-regulating-enzymes PMID:  Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015 Sep ;73(1):93-100. PMID: 25672490 Abstract Title:  Effect of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Monoamine Neurotransmitters and Their Key Regulating Enzymes in Rat Brain. Abstract:  The increasing use of wireless communication devices has raised major concerns towards deleterious effects of microwave radiation on human health. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of low-intensity microwave radiation on levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and gene expression of their key regulating enzymes in brain of Fischer rats. Animals were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz microwave radiation for 30 days (2 h/day, 5 days/week) with respective specific absorption rates as 5.953 × 10(-4) and 5.835 × 10(-4) W/kg. The levels of monoamine neurotransmitters viz. dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and serotonin (5-HT) were detected using LC-MS/MS in hippocampus of all experimental animals. In addition, mRNA expression of key regulating enzymes for these neurotransmitters viz. tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (for DA, NE and E) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1 and TPH2) (for serotonin) was also estimated. Results showed significant reduction in levels of DA, NE, E and 5-HT in hippocampus of microwave-exposed animals in comparison with sham-exposed (control) animals. In addition, significant downregulation in mRNA expression of TH, TPH1 and TPH2 was also observed in microwave-exposed animals (p <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine-and-serotonin-and-their-regulating-enzymes" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine-and-serotonin-and-their-regulating-enzymes#comments Learning disorders Memory Disorders Microwave Radiation Neurotoxic Wi-Fi Radiation Brain Function Cognitive Skills Wi-Fi Devices Animal Study Tue, 30 Jul 2019 20:58:46 +0000 greenmedinfo 192376 at https://greenmedinfo.com Elevation of brain magnesium enhanced learning and memory in young and aged rats https://greenmedinfo.com/article/elevation-brain-magnesium-enhanced-learning-and-memory-young-and-aged-rats PMID:  Neuron. 2010 Jan 28 ;65(2):165-77. PMID: 20152124 Abstract Title:  Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Abstract:  Learning and memory are fundamental brain functions affected by dietary and environmental factors. Here, we show that increasing brain magnesium using a newly developed magnesium compound (magnesium-L-threonate, MgT) leads to the enhancement of learning abilities, working memory, and short- and long-term memory in rats. The pattern completion ability was also improved in aged rats. MgT-treated rats had higher density of synaptophysin-/synaptobrevin-positive puncta in DG and CA1 subregions of hippocampus that were correlated with memory improvement. Functionally, magnesium increased the number of functional presynaptic release sites, while it reduced their release probability. The resultant synaptic reconfiguration enabled selective enhancement of synaptic transmission for burst inputs. Coupled with concurrent upregulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors and its downstream signaling, synaptic plasticity induced by correlated inputs was enhanced. Our findings suggest that an increase in brain magnesium enhances both short-term synaptic facilitation and long-term potentiation and improves learning and memory functions. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/elevation-brain-magnesium-enhanced-learning-and-memory-young-and-aged-rats#comments Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction Learning disorders Magnesium Neuroprotective Agents Animal Study Fri, 08 Jan 2016 00:51:39 +0000 greenmedinfo 122993 at https://greenmedinfo.com 2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/245-ghz-microwave-radiation-impairs-learning-memory-and-hippocampal-synaptic-p PMID:  Toxicol Ind Health. 2018 Oct 21:748233718798976. Epub 2018 Oct 21. PMID: 30345889 Abstract Title:  2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning, memory, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat. Abstract:  Microwave (MW) radiation has a close relationship with neurobehavioral disorders. Due to the widespread usage of MW radiation, especially in our homes, it is essential to investigate the direct effect of MW radiation on the central nervous system. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effect of MW radiation on memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz MW radiation (continuous wave with overall average power density of 0.016 mW/cm2 and overall average whole-body specific absorption rate value of 0.017 W/kg) for 2 h/day over a period of 40 days. Spatial learning and memory were tested by radial maze and passive avoidance tests. We evaluated the synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neuronal cells number by field potential recording and Giemsa staining, respectively. Our results showed that MW radiation exposure decreased the learning and memory performance that was associated with decrement of long-term potentiation induction and excitability of CA1 neurons. However, MW radiation did not have any effects on short-term plasticity and paired-pulse ratio as a good indirect index for measurement of glutamate release probability. The evaluation of hippocampal morphology indicated that the neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1 area was significantly decreased by MW. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/245-ghz-microwave-radiation-impairs-learning-memory-and-hippocampal-synaptic-p" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/245-ghz-microwave-radiation-impairs-learning-memory-and-hippocampal-synaptic-p#comments Learning disorders Electromagnetic Radiation Microwave Radiation Neurotoxic Animal Study Thu, 08 Aug 2019 18:48:40 +0000 greenmedinfo 193211 at https://greenmedinfo.com 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and neuropsychiatric disorders. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/78-dihydroxyflavone-and-neuropsychiatric-disorders PMID:  Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 15. Epub 2021 Sep 15. PMID: 34525922 Abstract Title:  7,8-Dihydroxyflavone and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Translational Perspective from the Mechanism to Drug Development. Abstract:  7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a kind of natural flavonoids, with the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier. 7,8-DHF effectively mimics the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain to selectively activate tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and downstream signaling pathways, thus playing a neuroprotective role. The preclinical effects of 7,8-DHF have been widely investigated in the neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer&#039;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#039;s disease (PD), depression and memory impairment. Besides the effect on TrkB, 7,8-DHF could also function through fighting against oxidative stress, cooperating with estrogen receptors or regulating intestinal flora. This review focuses on the recent experimental studies on depression, neurodegenerative diseases and learning and memory function. Additionally, the structural modification and preparation of 7,8-DHF were also concluded and proposed, hoping to provide reference for the follow-up research and clinical drug development of 7,8-DHF in the field of neuropsychiatric disorders. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/78-dihydroxyflavone-and-neuropsychiatric-disorders" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/78-dihydroxyflavone-and-neuropsychiatric-disorders#comments Alzheimer's Disease Depression Learning disorders Memory Disorders Psychiatric Disorders Antioxidants Neuroprotective Agents Review Mon, 11 Oct 2021 19:22:29 +0000 greenmedinfo 247135 at https://greenmedinfo.com A purple sweet potato extract rich in caffeoylquinic acids had a neuroprotective effect on mouse brain and could improve the spatial learning and memory. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/purple-sweet-potato-extract-rich-caffeoylquinic-acids-had-neuroprotective-effe PMID:  J Agric Food Chem. 2013 May 29 ;61(21):5037-45. Epub 2013 May 16. PMID: 23647122 Abstract Title:  Caffeoylquinic acid-rich purple sweet potato extract, with or without anthocyanin, imparts neuroprotection and contributes to the improvement of spatial learning and memory of SAMP8 mouse. Abstract:  The effects of caffeoylquinic acid (CQA)-rich purple sweet potato (PSP) extract, with (PSPEa) or without (PSPEb) anthocyanin, on the improvement of spatial learning and memory of senescence-accelerated prone mouse strain (SAMP) 8 was determined. SAMP8 was treated with 20 mg/kg/day of PSPEa or PSPEb for 30 days. The effect on spatial learning and memory and the molecular mechanism of this effect were determined in vivo (SAMP8) and in vitro (SH-SY5Y cells). PSPEa or PSPEb reduced the escape latency time of SAMP8 by 17.0± 8.0 and 14.2 ± 5.8 s (P https://greenmedinfo.com/article/purple-sweet-potato-extract-rich-caffeoylquinic-acids-had-neuroprotective-effe#comments Anthocyanins Caffeoylquinic Acids Learning disorders Neurodegenerative Diseases Sweet Potato: Purple Neuroprotective Agents Plant Extracts Animal Study Fri, 26 Jun 2015 00:21:58 +0000 greenmedinfo 118477 at https://greenmedinfo.com A review of the potential efficacy of saffron in cognitive dysfunction and seizures. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-potential-efficacy-saffron-cognitive-dysfunction-and-seizures PMID:  Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2019 Dec ;24(4):363-372. Epub 2019 Dec 31. PMID: 31915630 Abstract Title:  A Review of Potential Efficacy of Saffron (L.) in Cognitive Dysfunction and Seizures. Abstract:  (saffron) is traditionally used to relieve several ailments. Experimental researches have also investigated applications of saffron and its active constituents for the treatment of a wide spectrum of disorders. This review discusses pharmacological/therapeutic properties of saffron and its main components on memory function, learning ability and seizures, to highlight their merit for alleviating these disorders. An extensive literature review was carried out using various databases including ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, Biological Abstracts, and Chemical Abstracts. The growing body of evidence showed the value of saffron and its&#039; components, alone, or in combination with the other pharmaceuticals, for improving learning and memory abilities and controlling seizures. These findings may provide pharmacological basis for the use of saffron in cognitive disturbance and epilepsy. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-potential-efficacy-saffron-cognitive-dysfunction-and-seizures" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-potential-efficacy-saffron-cognitive-dysfunction-and-seizures#comments Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction Learning disorders Memory Disorders Saffron Seizures Anticonvulsants Neuroprotective Agents Review Sat, 01 Feb 2020 02:19:54 +0000 greenmedinfo 210206 at https://greenmedinfo.com A review of the progress of research on effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in promoting capability of learning and memory. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-progress-research-effects-ginsenoside-rg1-promoting-capability-learning PMID:  Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Oct ;26(10):956-60. PMID: 17121055 Abstract Title:  [Progress of research on effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in promoting capability of learning and memory]. Abstract:  It is testified by long-standing traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice that ginseng was effective in treating dementia and promoting capability of learning and memory, for which ginsenoside Rg1 has been proved the main effective ingredient. Recently many researches have been carried out on the mechanism and action links of ginsenoside Rg1, and illustrated that it could exert the anti-dementia and nootropic effects through intervening multiple targets and links, thus to provide a theoretical basis for bettering the clinical use of ginsenoside Rg1. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-progress-research-effects-ginsenoside-rg1-promoting-capability-learning" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/review-progress-research-effects-ginsenoside-rg1-promoting-capability-learning#comments Dementia Ginsenosides Learning disorders Neuroprotective Agents Review Sat, 24 Nov 2018 04:17:19 +0000 greenmedinfo 174482 at https://greenmedinfo.com Acteoside ameliorates learning and memory impairment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-ameliorates-learning-and-memory-impairment PMID:  Phytother Res. 2023 Sep 4. Epub 2023 Sep 4. PMID: 37661763 Abstract Title:  Acteoside ameliorates learning and memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by increasing Aβdegradation and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation. Abstract:  Alzheimer&#039;s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease. Senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks of AD. Recent studies have described the improved cognitive and neuroprotective functions of acteoside (AS). This study aimed to investigate whether the improved cognition of AS was mediated by Aβdegradation and tau phosphorylation in APP/PS1 mice. The open field, Y maze, and novel object recognition tests were used to assess cognitive behavioral changes. We evaluated the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in serum, cortex, and hippocampus, and Aβ-related scavenging enzymes, phosphorylated GSK3βand hyperphosphorylated tau in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice by western blotting. Our results revealed that AS treatment ameliorated anxious behaviors, spatial learning, and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice and significantly reduced Aβdeposition in their serum, cortex, and hippocampus. AS significantly increased Aβdegradation, inhibited the hyperphosphorylation of tau, and significantly decreased the activity of GSK3β, which is involved in tau phosphorylation. Altogether, these findings indicated that the beneficial effects of AS on AD-associated anxious behaviors and cognitive impairments could be attributed to promoting Aβdegradation and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation, which might be partly mediated by GSK3β. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-ameliorates-learning-and-memory-impairment" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-ameliorates-learning-and-memory-impairment#comments Learning disorders Memory Disorders Verbascoside Neuroprotective Agents Transgenic Animal Study Thu, 07 Sep 2023 18:53:51 +0000 greenmedinfo 279822 at https://greenmedinfo.com Acteoside can significantly alleviate the acquired learning disability in mice induced by scopolamine. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-can-significantly-alleviate-acquired-learning-disability-mice-induce PMID:  Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2012 Oct ;37(19):2956-9. PMID: 23270241 Abstract Title:  [Effect of acteoside on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice]. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: To study on the effect of acteoside on learning and memory of dementia mice.METHOD: Mice were orally administered with acteoside for 10 days. Scopolamine was used to establish the acquired learning disability in mice. Their learning and memory were detected with a behavioral experiment (step-down test). After the behavior test, corticocerebral and hippocampus tissues of mice were detected with biochemical indexes, including GSH-Px, T-SOD, MDA, TChE and contents of protein in brain tissues.RESULT: Mice were administered with acteoside for 10 d in advance to alleviate the acquired learning disability induced by scopolamine. Compared with the model group, acteoside increased the latency period in the step-down test and reduced error times. Besides, acteoside increased the activity of GSH-Px, T-SOD, TChE and protein content in their brain tissues, but decreased MDA content.CONCLUSION: Acteoside can significantly alleviate the acquired learning disability in mice induced by scopolamine. Its mechanism may be related with its effect of inhibiting the generation of free radicals in mice and improving the function of the central cholinergic system. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-can-significantly-alleviate-acquired-learning-disability-mice-induce" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acteoside-can-significantly-alleviate-acquired-learning-disability-mice-induce#comments Learning disorders Memory Disorders Verbascoside Antioxidants Malondialdehyde Down-regulation Superoxide Dismutase Up-regulation Animal Study Wed, 12 Sep 2018 15:10:04 +0000 greenmedinfo 170497 at https://greenmedinfo.com Acute exercise with meditation may enhance learning and long-term memory. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acute-exercise-meditation-may-enhance-learning-and-long-term-memory PMID:  Health Promot Perspect. 2019 ;9(4):314-318. Epub 2019 Oct 24. PMID: 31777712 Abstract Title:  Acute exercise and mindfulness meditation on learning and memory: randomized controlled intervention. Abstract:  The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the potential combined effects of acute exercise and mindfulness mediation on episodic memory.All data collection occurred in the authors&#039; laboratory (January to May of 2019). In this three-arm, within-subject design, participants (N=20; M=21.6 years) completed three counterbalanced laboratory visits, including Exercise Only, Exercise + Meditation and Control. Learning and memory were assessed from a word-list task. A one-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was computed for two memory outcomes, including the learning outcome (average performance across the 6 trials) and the long-term memory recall (10-minute delay).The exercise conditions had a greater learning effect when compared to the Control visit, M= 0.68 (95% CI: 0.10, 1.25), P = 0.02. The Exercise + Memory visit had better longterm memory when compared to Exercise Only, M= 0.95 (95% CI: 0.07, 1.83), P = 0.03.The present experiment provides suggestive evidence that acute exercise may enhance learning and, when coupling acute exercise prior to encoding with meditation during early consolidation, long-term memory may be enhanced. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acute-exercise-meditation-may-enhance-learning-and-long-term-memory" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/acute-exercise-meditation-may-enhance-learning-and-long-term-memory#comments Learning disorders Memory Disorders Exercise Meditation Neuroprotective Agents Human Study Sat, 30 Nov 2019 20:58:53 +0000 greenmedinfo 203302 at https://greenmedinfo.com Adult vitamin D deficiency disrupts hippocampal-dependent learning and structural brain connectivity. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/adult-vitamin-d-deficiency-disrupts-hippocampal-dependent-learning-and-structu PMID:  Brain Struct Funct. 2019 Feb 2. Epub 2019 Feb 2. PMID: 30712221 Abstract Title:  Adult vitamin D deficiency disrupts hippocampal-dependent learning and structural brain connectivity in BALB/c mice. Abstract:  Converging evidence from human and animal studies support an association between vitamin D deficiency and cognitive impairment. Previous studies have shown that hippocampal volume is reduced in adults with vitamin D deficiency as well as in a range of disorders, such as schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of adult vitamin D (AVD) deficiency on hippocampal-dependent spatial learning, and hippocampal volume and connectivity in healthy adult mice. Ten-week-old male BALB/c mice were fed a control (vitamin D 1500 IU/kg) or vitamin D-depleted (vitamin D 0 IU/kg) diet for a minimum of 10 weeks. The mice were then tested for hippocampal-dependent spatial learning using active place avoidance (APA) and on tests of muscle and motor coordination (rotarod and grip strength). The mice were perfused and brains collected to acquire ex vivo structural and diffusion-weighted images using a 16.4 T MRI scanner. We also performed immunohistochemistry to quantify perineuronal nets (PNNs) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in various brain regions. AVD-deficient mice had a lower latency to enter the shock zone on APA, compared to control mice, suggesting impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. There were no differences in rotarod or grip strength, indicating that AVD deficiency did not have an impact on muscle or motor coordination. AVD deficiency did not have an impact on hippocampal volume. However,AVD-deficient mice displayed a disrupted network centred on the right hippocampus with abnormal connectomes among 29 nodes. We found a reduction in PNN positive cells, but no change in PV, centred on the hippocampus. Our results provide compelling evidence to show that AVD deficiency in otherwise healthy adult mice may play a key role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory formation. We suggest that the spatial learning deficits could be due to the disruption of right hippocampal structural connectivity. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/adult-vitamin-d-deficiency-disrupts-hippocampal-dependent-learning-and-structu" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/adult-vitamin-d-deficiency-disrupts-hippocampal-dependent-learning-and-structu#comments Learning disorders Vitamin D Deficiency Risk Factors Animal Study Sun, 24 Feb 2019 20:19:45 +0000 greenmedinfo 180167 at https://greenmedinfo.com Alfred Nobel and the Vaccine Apocalypse https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/alfred-nobel-and-vaccine-apocalypse-1 <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2019<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/blank.justin/images/Alfred_Nobel_and_the_Vaccine_Apocalypse-GreenMedInfo.jpg" /></p> <p><span style="font-size:22px;"><strong><em>The plague of vaccines will be eradicated when the truth about vaccines goes viral</em></strong></span></p><p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/alfred-nobel-and-vaccine-apocalypse-1" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/alfred-nobel-and-vaccine-apocalypse-1#comments Autism Spectrum Disorders Inflammation Learning disorders Polio Vaccine-induced Toxicity anti-vaccine big pharma corruption in science Fri, 25 Oct 2019 20:39:24 +0000 NevilleRaymond 200054 at https://greenmedinfo.com Amelioration of prenatal lead-induced learning and memory impairments by methanolic extract of Zataria multiflora. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/amelioration-prenatal-lead-induced-learning-and-memory-impairments-methanolic- PMID:  Basic Clin Neurosci. 2019 Mar-Apr;10(2):175-184. Epub 2019 Mar 1. PMID: 31031904 Abstract Title:  Amelioration of Prenatal Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments by Methanolic Extract of Zataria Multiflora in Male Rats. Abstract:  Introduction: The current study aimed at evaluating the effects of Zataria Multiflora (ZM) on learning and memory of adult male offspring rats with prenatal lead-exposure.Methods: Pregnant rats in the case group received tap water containing 0.2% lead acetate throughout the gestation period. Control rats had free access to lead-free tap water. Two male offspring (two-month-old, weighing 180-200 g) from each mother were randomly selected and treated with either Z. Multiflora (50, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/Intraperitoneally (I.P)/20 day) or saline. Spatial memory of the control, saline, and ZM-treated rats was evaluated by a training trial and probe test using Morris water maze (6-8 rat/group).Results: The obtained results showed memory deficits including increased escape latency, and a greater traveled distance, as well as decrements in the frequency of crossings into target quadrants in prenatally lead-exposed male offspring compared with the controls. ZM treatment (200 mg/kg/i.p) ameliorated the memory deficits in male offspring by increasing the time spent and traveled distance in the trigger zone (P<p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/amelioration-prenatal-lead-induced-learning-and-memory-impairments-methanolic-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/amelioration-prenatal-lead-induced-learning-and-memory-impairments-methanolic-#comments Lead Poisoning Learning disorders Memory Disorders Prenatal Chemical Exposures Zataria multiflora Lead Neuroprotective Agents Animal Study Fri, 03 May 2019 21:09:38 +0000 greenmedinfo 186846 at https://greenmedinfo.com An extract of broccoli leaves could be used as a natural resource for ameliorating Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/extract-broccoli-leaves-could-be-used-natural-resource-ameliorating-1-42-induc PMID:  J Agric Food Chem. 2016 May 4 ;64(17):3353-61. Epub 2016 Apr 22. PMID: 27079470 Abstract Title:  Antiamnesic Effect of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Leaves on Amyloid Beta (Aβ)1-42-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment. Abstract:  To examine the antiamnesic effects of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) leaves, we performed in vitro and in vivo tests on amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. The chloroform fraction from broccoli leaves (CBL) showed a remarkable neuronal cell-protective effect and an inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The ameliorating effect of CBL on Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment was evaluated by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. The results indicated improving cognitive function in the CBL group. After the behavioral tests, antioxidant effects were detected by superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxidized glutathione (GSH)/total GSH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays, and inhibition against AChEwas also presented in the brain. Finally, oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (oxo-DHODE) and trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (THODE) as main compounds were identified by quadrupole time-of-flight ultraperformance liquid chromatography (Q-TOF UPLC-MS) analysis. Therefore, our studies suggest that CBL could be used as a natural resource for ameliorating Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/extract-broccoli-leaves-could-be-used-natural-resource-ameliorating-1-42-induc#comments Broccoli Learning disorders Memory Disorders Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Neuroprotective Agents Plant Extracts Animal Study In Vitro Study Mon, 09 May 2016 17:38:45 +0000 greenmedinfo 127094 at https://greenmedinfo.com Anthocyanins have a beneficial effect on learning and memory of ovariectomized rats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanins-have-beneficial-effect-learning-and-memory-ovariectomized-rats PMID:  Menopause. 2009 Mar-Apr;16(2):345-9. PMID: 19002018 Abstract Title:  Effects of anthocyanins on learning and memory of ovariectomized rats. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: Estrogen deficit is associated with mental health disorders, emotional difficulties, memory impairment, and other cognitive failures. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to bioflavonoids and their properties as phytoestrogens to alleviate symptoms related to estrogen deficit. Anthocyanins are antioxidant flavonoids with various physiological activities. We have previously shown that anthocyanins inhibited depression-like symptoms in ovariectomized rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanins on learning and memory of ovariectomized rats in a shuttle-box active avoidance test.METHODS: Female Wistar rats (250-280 g) were housed in three groups: group 1, control, nonovariectomized rats; group 2, ovariectomized rats; and group 3, ovariectomized rats, treated with anthocyanins (200 mg/kg PO) for 15 days after ovariectomy. On the 25th day after ovariectomy, an active avoidance shuttle-box test was performed.RESULTS: In the shuttle-box test, ovariectomized rats showed significantly increased latency time and total errors and decreased number of avoidances in the learning sessions. The group of ovariectomized rats treated with anthocyanins had considerably increased number of avoidances and significantly decreased latency time and total errors during the learning sessions. In memory retention tests, significant differences were observed between control, ovariectomized rats and ovariectomized rats treated with anthocyanins.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that anthocyanins improve learning and memory of rats with estrogen deficit caused by ovariectomy. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanins-have-beneficial-effect-learning-and-memory-ovariectomized-rats#comments Anthocyanins Estrogen Deficiency Learning disorders Memory Impairment: Hormone Deficiency Induced Ovariectomy-Induced Changes Animal Study Tue, 24 May 2011 22:19:08 +0000 greenmedinfo 64206 at https://greenmedinfo.com