Apple https://greenmedinfo.com/category/substance/Apple en SKN-1 is involved in combination of apple peels and blueberry extracts synergistically protecting against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/skn-1-involved-combination-apple-peels-and-blueberry-extracts-synergistically- PMID:  Food Funct. 2020 Jun 24 ;11(6):5409-5419. PMID: 32469357 Abstract Title:  SKN-1 is involved in combination of apple peels and blueberry extracts synergistically protecting against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Abstract:  Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of age-related functional declines and chronic diseases, primarily attributed to their bioactive phytochemicals. Apples and blueberries are rich in phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits. Our previous research has shown the combination of apple peel extracts (APE) and blueberry extracts (BE) can synergistically promote the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The objectives of this study were to determine whether the extension of lifespan was involved in regulation of oxidative stress, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The results showed that the combination of APE and BE could synergistically ameliorate oxidative stress by improving antioxidant enzyme activities and enhancing resistance to paraquat. Meanwhile, treatment with APE plus BE could down-regulate the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and affect the expression of antioxidant related genes, including sod-3, cat-1, ctl-1, skn-1, mev-1 and isp-1. However, administration with APE plus BE abolished the extension of the lifespan of skn-1(zu135) mutants, and inhibited the expression of skn-1 downstream genes, including gcs-1, gst-4 and gst-7. In addition, supplementation with APE plus BE could promote the migration of SKN-1 into the nucleus, which eliminated improvement to ROS and paraquat. In conclusion, the combination of APE and BE could synergistically protect against oxidative stress in C. elegans via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. This study provided the theoretical basis to explore the combination of phytochemicals in the prevention of aging regulated by oxidative stress. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/skn-1-involved-combination-apple-peels-and-blueberry-extracts-synergistically-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/skn-1-involved-combination-apple-peels-and-blueberry-extracts-synergistically-#comments Aging Apple Blueberry Oxidative Stress Antioxidants Natural Substance Synergy Animal Study Sat, 12 Dec 2020 16:48:12 +0000 greenmedinfo 231085 at https://greenmedinfo.com 6 Health Benefits of Rutin, and Where to Find It https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/6-health-benefits-rutin-and-where-find-it <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2022<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/blank.justin/images/6_Health_Benefits_of_Rutin-and_Where_to_Find_It-GreenMedInfo.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 315px;" /></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;"><em><strong>Rutin is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory powerhouse found in a variety of delicious food that may boost your health via multiple avenues, from promoting healthy circulation to providing pain relief</strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Rutin is one of about 4,000 types of flavonoids that are found abundantly in plants. Also known as rutoside and vitamin P, rutin is a flavonol that acts as an active constituent in tea leaves, apples, buckwheat, most citrus fruits and passion flower, for example, with nutraceutical effects that have been valued since ancient times.</span><strong><sup><a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="letter-spacing: 0px;" title="">[i]</a></sup></strong></p><p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/6-health-benefits-rutin-and-where-find-it" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/6-health-benefits-rutin-and-where-find-it#comments Amaranth Apple Apricot Arthritis Asparagus Black Tea Buckwheat Cancers Capparis spinosa (caper) Cardiovascular Disease Cherry: All Varieties Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 Fig Gastrointestinal Diseases Ginkgo biloba Grape Grapefruit Green Tea Neurodegenerative Diseases Olive Onion Orange Passion Flower Plum Rutin Health Guide: Farm/Pharma Face Off Health Guide: Herbs and Traditional Knowledge Health Guides: Healing Foods healing foods natural health plants Tue, 22 Nov 2022 23:55:40 +0000 GMI Research Group 266842 at https://greenmedinfo.com A reappraisal of traditional apple cultivars from Southern Italy as a rich source of phenols with superior antioxidant activity. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/reappraisal-traditional-apple-cultivars-southern-italy-rich-source-phenols-sup PMID:  Food Chem. 2013 Oct 15 ;140(4):672-9. Epub 2013 Mar 14. PMID: 23692752 Abstract Title:  A reappraisal of traditional apple cultivars from Southern Italy as a rich source of phenols with superior antioxidant activity. Abstract:  Few literature data are available on the nutraceutical properties of little widespread local apple cultivars. Such lack of information prevents exploitation of these germplasms for genetic improvement of new cultivars and for the re-evaluation of local agricultural products, which may attract a large share of consumers oriented towards natural food evoking ancient flavours. In this work eight traditional apple cultivars of Southern Italy were analysed in terms of phenolic composition and free radical scavenging activity in comparison with commercial&quot;Annurca&quot;and&quot;Gold Chief® Gold Pink∗&quot;cultivars. HPLC-UV-MS analysis of methanol extracts of the cultivars under examination showed significant differences in phenol distribution within the three main classes of hydroxycinnamates, dihydrochalcones, and flavan-3-ols. Such differences were found to be associated with the antioxidant activities as determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A good correlation was observed between the percentage of reduced DPPH and the total phenol content (R=0.79). Among all phenol classes, the flavan-3-ol content showed the highest correlation (R=0.77). Almost all of the traditional cultivars examined exhibited a much higher phenol content (2- to 7-fold) and hydrogen donor activity (1.5- to 4-fold) than widely consumed cultivars like&quot;Annurca&quot;and&quot;Gold Chief® Gold Pink∗&quot;. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/reappraisal-traditional-apple-cultivars-southern-italy-rich-source-phenols-sup" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/reappraisal-traditional-apple-cultivars-southern-italy-rich-source-phenols-sup#comments Apple Antioxidants Cultivars Plant Extracts In Vitro Study Fri, 27 Sep 2019 22:25:06 +0000 greenmedinfo 197406 at https://greenmedinfo.com Administration of a polyphenol-rich apple extract reduces the number of neoplastic lesions in mice with AOM-induced colorectal cancer. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/administration-polyphenol-rich-apple-extract-reduces-number-neoplastic-lesions PMID:  Foods. 2021 Apr 15 ;10(4). Epub 2021 Apr 15. PMID: 33921048 Abstract Title:  Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer Mice Treated with a Polyphenol-Rich Apple Extract Show Less Neoplastic Lesions and Signs of Cachexia. Abstract:  Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. In rodents, high-fat (HF) diets are able to increase the formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced polyps. Polyphenol-rich apple extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may induce an amelioration of the manifestations of colorectal cancer. Twenty-seven male Crl:CD-1 mice received AOM during four weeks and were subsequently divided into three groups fed a HF diet (= 9 each group): a non-supplemented group, a second group supplemented with apple extract at 1%, and a third group supplemented with the same apple extract at 1.5%. Energy metabolism and the respiratory quotient were not affected by the supplementation with the apple extract. Although body weight was not affected by the treatment, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed less signs of cachexia than the non-treated mice. In the intestine, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed lower sucrase, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and aminopeptidase N activities, and less intestinal lesions (aberrant crypt foci and polyps). Administration of a polyphenol-rich apple extract reduces the number of neoplastic lesions in mice with AOM-induced colorectal cancer and contributes to preserve adipose tissue mass. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/administration-polyphenol-rich-apple-extract-reduces-number-neoplastic-lesions" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/administration-polyphenol-rich-apple-extract-reduces-number-neoplastic-lesions#comments Apple Cachexia Colorectal Cancer Polyphenols Anticarcinogenic Agents Chemopreventive Animal Study Wed, 23 Jun 2021 21:05:36 +0000 greenmedinfo 241618 at https://greenmedinfo.com Among men and women with moderately elevated BP, intake of three kiwifruits was associated with lower systolic and diastolic 24-h BP compared with one apple a day. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/among-men-and-women-moderately-elevated-bp-intake-three-kiwifruits-was-associa PMID:  Blood Press. 2015 Feb ;24(1):48-54. Epub 2014 Dec 8. PMID: 25483553 Abstract Title:  The effect of kiwifruit consumption on blood pressure in subjects with moderately elevated blood pressure: a randomized, controlled study. Abstract:  BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kiwifruit contains bioactive substances that may lower blood pressure (BP) and improve endothelial function. We examined the effects of adding kiwifruit to the usual diet on 24-h ambulatory BP, office BP and endothelial function.METHODS: In a parallel-groups study, 118 subjects with high normal BP or stage 1 hypertension (systolic BP 130-159 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 85-99 mmHg) were randomized to intake of three kiwifruits (intervention) or one apple (control) a day for 8 weeks. Office and 24-h ambulatory BP was measured along with biomarkers of endothelial function including metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) formation and finger photo-plethysmography.RESULTS: At randomization, mean 24-h ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP was 133± 13/82 ± 9 mmHg (n = 106). After 8 weeks, BP was lower in the group assigned to kiwifruit versus apple intake (between group difference, - 3.6 mmHg [95% CI - 6.5 to - 0.7], p = 0.017 and - 1.9 mmHg [95% CI - 3.6 to - 0.3]; p = 0.040, for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively). Changes in officeBP and endothelial function did not differ between the groups.CONCLUSIONS: Among men and women with moderately elevated BP, intake of three kiwifruits was associated with lower systolic and diastolic 24-h BP compared with one apple a day. The effect may be regulated by mechanisms other than improvement of endothelial function. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/among-men-and-women-moderately-elevated-bp-intake-three-kiwifruits-was-associa#comments Apple Endothelial Dysfunction Hypertension Kiwifruit Antihypertensive Agents Human Study Thu, 21 May 2015 15:38:52 +0000 greenmedinfo 117618 at https://greenmedinfo.com An Apple A Day Really Can Keep the Doctor Away - Here's Why https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/apple-day-really-can-keep-doctor-away-heres-why <div class="copyright">This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2024<br/><strong><a href="/greenmedinfocom-re-post-guidelines">Visit our Re-post guidelines</a></strong></div><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="" src="//cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/default/files/ckeditor/jarret@greenmedinfo.com/images/5(1).png" style="width: 600px; height: 338px;" /></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px;"><em><strong>"An apple a day keeps the doctor away"--this timeless proverb underscores the powerful health benefits contained within each apple's crisp, tart bite. As both a global cultural icon and a nutritious dietary staple, the apple has sustained its enduring popularity through the ages not only for its convenience and taste, but also its ability to impart wellness. With origins tracing back to the ancient Silk Road, modern science continues unraveling how compounds within apples equip our bodies to thrive.</strong></em></span></p><p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/apple-day-really-can-keep-doctor-away-heres-why" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/blog/apple-day-really-can-keep-doctor-away-heres-why#comments Apple Apple Pectin Cardiovascular Disease Cholesterol: High Copper Inflammation Manganese Polyphenols Potassium Quercetin Riboflavin Stroke Vitamin C Health Guide: Farm/Pharma Face Off Health Guide: Herbs and Traditional Knowledge Health Guides: Healing Foods Heart Health fruit healing foods natural health Thu, 28 Dec 2023 15:48:00 +0000 GMI reporter 285351 at https://greenmedinfo.com An apple oligogalactan enhances the growth inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil on colorectal cancer. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-oligogalactan-enhances-growth-inhibitory-effect-5-fluorouracil-colorecta PMID:  Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 5 ;804:13-20. Epub 2017 Apr 5. PMID: 28389232 Abstract Title:  An apple oligogalactan enhances the growth inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil on colorectal cancer. Abstract:  Treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a clinical challenge, since current therapies are associated with obvious side effects and high expenses. These limitations highlight an urgent need for developing novel and safe treatment strategies. It is suggested that combinatorial strategies could be more effective and much safer than monotherapy in cancer treatment. In our previous study, an apple oligogalactan (AOG) has been found to show beneficial effect on treating CRC. This study tried to investigate whether AOG could enhance the growth inhibitory effect of 5-FU in human CRC cells (HT-29 and SW-620), a mouse model of colitis associated colorectal cancer and a murine model of xenograft tumor. The IC50 values of 5-FU were 26.70±0.21μM in HT-29 cells and 26.71±2.06μM in SW-620 cells. Pretreatment with 0.05 or 0.1mM AOG down-regulated IC50 values of 5-FU to 22.44±1.01 or 18.67±1.16μM in HT-29 and 21.21±1.49 or 17.99±1.42μM in SW-620 cells. AOG enhanced 5-FU-induced cell apoptosis and S phase arrest. The combination not only protected ICR mice against intestinal toxicities and carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and dextran sodium sulfate, but also decreased the xenograft tumor size, triggered apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of tumor cells in nude mice. The mechanisms of AOG on enhancing thegrowth inhibitory effect of 5-FU may be through the influence of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, the combinatorial therapy using AOG and 5-FU is a promising strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-oligogalactan-enhances-growth-inhibitory-effect-5-fluorouracil-colorecta" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-oligogalactan-enhances-growth-inhibitory-effect-5-fluorouracil-colorecta#comments Apple Colorectal Cancer Chemosensitizer Chemothapeutic Synergy: 5-flourouracil Animal Study In Vitro Study Wed, 21 Jun 2017 23:38:48 +0000 greenmedinfo 149439 at https://greenmedinfo.com An apple peel polyphenol extract protected cells against the indomethacin-associated adverse effects in vivo. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-peel-polyphenol-extract-protected-cells-against-indomethacin-associated- PMID:  J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Nov 9 ;59(21):11501-8. Epub 2011 Oct 6. PMID: 21954913 Abstract Title:  Apple peel polyphenol extract protects against indomethacin-induced damage in Caco-2 cells by preventing mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Abstract:  The aim of this work was to investigate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by indomethacin and to evaluate the potential of an apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) in protecting against these events. Indomethacin induced, time-dependently, mitochondrial and oxidative perturbations which led to cell losses. An inhibition of complex I activity, shown for first time here, which resulted in a concomitant drop in cellular ATP and an increment in mitochondrial superoxide production, was observed after 10 min of exposure. These early cytotoxicity-triggering events were followed by an increase in the intracellular production of superoxide (20 min), an elevation in the activity of xanthine oxidase which led to an increased lipid peroxidation (30 min), and a decline in cell viability which manifested after 40 min. These events were selectively prevented using allopurinol, tempol and APPE (a standardized apple peel polyphenol extract). While the oxidative and cell lytic effects of indomethacin were equally prevented by the three agents, only APPE protected against complex I inhibition and its downstream oxidative consequences. Since tempol (a SOD mimetic) prevented the elevation in xanthine oxidase activity, and allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) totally abolished the increment in lipid peroxidation and loss of cell viability, it appears that a superoxide-dependent increase in xanthine oxidase activity is critical to trigger cytotoxicity. Thus, preventing the early increment in superoxide formation that, as a result of inhibiting complex I, takes place within mitochondria would be key toward protecting the cells against the oxidative and cytolytic effects of indomethacin. The ability of APPE in preventing the inhibition of complex I and the subsequent superoxide-dependent increase in XO activity warrants further studies to evaluate the mechanism involves in the protecting effect of APPE against the indomethacin-associated adverse effects in vivo. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-peel-polyphenol-extract-protected-cells-against-indomethacin-associated-#comments Apple Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative Stress Polyphenols Antioxidants Cytoprotective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Drug: Indomethacin Animal Study Mon, 18 May 2015 16:51:26 +0000 greenmedinfo 117523 at https://greenmedinfo.com Annurca apple as a functional food for the contribution to a healthy balance of plasma cholesterol levels. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-functional-food-contribution-healthy-balance-plasma-cholesterol- PMID:  J Sci Food Agric. 2017 May ;97(7):2107-2115. Epub 2016 Sep 23. PMID: 27571713 Abstract Title:  Annurca (Malus pumila Miller cv. Annurca) apple as a functional food for the contribution to a healthy balance of plasma cholesterol levels: results of a randomized clinical trial. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Recent human studies have evaluated the effect of daily apple consumption on plasma cholesterol level, which is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, slightly significant effects have been generally registered although consuming more than two apples a day for several weeks.RESULTS: This study describes the influence of daily consumption of Annurca apples on the cholesterol levels of mildly hypercholesterolaemic healthy subjects. A monocentric, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 4-month study was conducted. The subjects (n = 250) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (each one of 50 subjects: 28 men and 22 women). Four groups were administered one apple per day among the following: Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji, Golden Delicious. The fifth group was asked to consume two Annurca apples per day, since the weight of this cultivar is on average half that of the commercial ones considered in this study. Comparing results, Annurca led to the most significant outcome, allowing a reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 8.3% and 14.5%, respectively, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 15.2% (all P<p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-functional-food-contribution-healthy-balance-plasma-cholesterol-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-functional-food-contribution-healthy-balance-plasma-cholesterol-#comments Apple Cardiovascular Diseases Anticholesteremic Agents Cardioprotective Human Study Fri, 27 Sep 2019 22:08:07 +0000 greenmedinfo 197401 at https://greenmedinfo.com Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behavioral modifications in aged rats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-rich-diet-restores-long-term-potentiation-and-induces-behavioral PMID:  Exp Neurol. 2006 Jun ;199(2):354-61. Epub 2006 Feb 9. PMID: 16480716 Abstract Title:  Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behavioral modifications in aged rats. Abstract:  The impairment of brain functions during aging could be prevented by an increase in antioxidative defenses. In fact, dietary manipulation with antioxidants or with antioxidant-rich extracts from vegetables and fruit can ameliorate age-associated behavioral alterations. Moreover, dietary supplements of antioxidants can reverse the age-dependent impairment to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP). There is evidence that fresh fruit could be more effective than antioxidant supplements or fruit and vegetable extracts but the effect of a diet enriched in fresh fruit on brain aging process has not been investigated until now. The aim of the present study was to verify whether dietary manipulation with fresh apples could influence age-induced changes in motor and emotional behavior and in LTP in rats. Groups of aged and young rats were fed with a standard diet or a diet supplemented with fresh apples of annurca variety for 10 weeks and assessed for behavioral performance in the open field and elevated plus maze tests and for the ability to sustain LTP. The brains were then removed, histochemically stained for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and SOD activity was measured by computer-assisted image analysis. The aged rats fed with the enriched diet showed a significant decrease in the anxiety level. Moreover, they improved in the ability to sustain LTP, reaching the level of the young rats. SOD activity was increased in the aged rats fed with the standard diet whereas SOD activity in the hippocampus of the aged rats treated with annurca apple was at the level of the young animals. These results suggest that a diet rich in annurca apple could have an important role in health-care during aging. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-rich-diet-restores-long-term-potentiation-and-induces-behavioral" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/annurca-apple-rich-diet-restores-long-term-potentiation-and-induces-behavioral#comments Aging Anxiety Apple Anti-Anxiety Agents Antioxidants Animal Study Fri, 27 Sep 2019 22:40:26 +0000 greenmedinfo 197411 at https://greenmedinfo.com Anthocyanin-rich apples may influence immune function compared to control apples. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanin-rich-apples-may-influence-immune-function-compared-control-apples PMID:  Nutrients. 2021 Mar 27 ;13(4). Epub 2021 Mar 27. PMID: 33801641 Abstract Title:  A Polyphenol Enriched Variety of Apple Alters Circulating Immune Cell Gene Expression and Faecal Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Abstract:  Polyphenols within fruits and vegetables may contribute to health benefits due to their consumption, with the anthocyanin sub-set also adding colour. The Lemonade™ apple variety has green skin and white flesh, with low anthocyanin content, while some apple varieties have high anthocyanin content in both the skin and flesh. Effects of red compared with white-fleshed apples were studied in healthy human subjects in a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trial. Twenty-five healthy subjects consumed dried daily portions of the red-fleshed or placebo (white-fleshed) apple for two weeks, followed by one-week washout and further two-week crossover period. During the study, volunteers provided faecal samples for microbiota composition analysis and blood samples for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression analysis. Subtle differences were observed in the faecal microbiota of subjects that were fed the different apples, with significant (<p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanin-rich-apples-may-influence-immune-function-compared-control-apples" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/anthocyanin-rich-apples-may-influence-immune-function-compared-control-apples#comments Anthocyanins Apple Polyphenols Gastrointestinal Agents Immunomodulatory Human Study Sat, 24 Apr 2021 20:48:47 +0000 greenmedinfo 238483 at https://greenmedinfo.com Antihyperlipidemic effects of apple peel extract in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antihyperlipidemic-effects-apple-peel-extract-high-fat-diet-induced-hyperlipid PMID:  J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2020 Jul-Sep;11(3):128-133. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PMID: 33102196 Abstract Title:  Antihyperlipidemic effects of apple peel extract in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Abstract:  Hyperlipidemia is generally managed with statin-based drugs. Simvastatin serves as a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitor, with prolonged use proven to cause side effects. In the present study, antihyperlipidemic material is tested for its effect in lowering lipid in animals and its proven ability to bind to HMGR. Hyperlipidemia rats were divided into four groups, with different doses of 0, 57, and 114 mg/kg BW of apple peel extract (APE) and simvastatin (3.6 mg/kg BW). The total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) serum were measured. In silico inhibition test of HMGR activity was conducted by molecular docking using PyRx software. This process places HMGR as a receptor and active compound of apple peels as a ligand. APE treatment with a dose of 114 mg/kg BW could significantly reduce LDLc and increase serum HDLc levels. Docking tests confirmed that quercetin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and catechins depicted HMGR inhibition. Quercetin could bind to HMGR at a similar location to amino acid residues as simvastatin. These material extracts have inhibited cholesterol synthesis through a stronger HMGR inhibition than simvastatin. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antihyperlipidemic-effects-apple-peel-extract-high-fat-diet-induced-hyperlipid" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/antihyperlipidemic-effects-apple-peel-extract-high-fat-diet-induced-hyperlipid#comments Apple Hyperlipidemia Hypolipidemic Animal Study Fri, 11 Dec 2020 20:24:45 +0000 greenmedinfo 231037 at https://greenmedinfo.com Apple consumption mediates significant gut microbial metabolic activity. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-mediates-significant-gut-microbial-metabolic-activity PMID:  Eur J Nutr. 2020 Feb 26. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32103319 Abstract Title:  Two apples a day modulate human:microbiome co-metabolic processing of polyphenols, tyrosine and tryptophan. Abstract:  PURPOSE: Validated biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) have recently been suggested as a useful tool to assess adherence to dietary guidelines or compliance in human dietary interventions. Although many new candidate biomarkers have emerged in the last decades for different foods from metabolic profiling studies, the number of comprehensively validated biomarkers of food intake is limited. Apples are among the most frequently consumed fruits and a rich source of polyphenols and fibers, an important mediator for their health-protective properties.METHODS: Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we aimed to identify biomarkers of long-term apple intake and explore how apples impact on the human plasma and urine metabolite profiles. Forty mildly hypercholesterolemic volunteers consumed two whole apples or a sugar and energy-matched control beverage, daily for 8 weeks in a randomized, controlled, crossover intervention study. The metabolome in plasma and urine samples was analyzed via untargeted metabolomics.RESULTS: We found 61 urine and 9 plasma metabolites being statistically significant after the whole apple intake compared to the control beverage, including several polyphenol metabolites that could be used as BFIs. Furthermore, we identified several endogenous indole and phenylacetyl-glutamine microbial metabolites significantly increasing in urine after apple consumption. The multiomic dataset allowed exploration of the correlations between metabolites modulated significantly by the dietary intervention and fecal microbiota species at genus level, showing interesting interactions between Granulicatella genus and phenyl-acetic acid metabolites. Phloretin glucuronide and phloretin glucuronide sulfate appeared promising biomarkers of apple intake; however, robustness, reliability and stability data are needed for full BFI validation.CONCLUSION: The identified apple BFIs can be used in future studies to assess compliance and to explore their health effects after apple intake. Moreover, the identification of polyphenol microbial metabolites suggests that apple consumption mediates significant gut microbial metabolic activity which should be further explored. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-mediates-significant-gut-microbial-metabolic-activity" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-mediates-significant-gut-microbial-metabolic-activity#comments Apple Hypercholesterolemia Gastrointestinal Agents Human Study Sun, 07 Jun 2020 19:18:16 +0000 greenmedinfo 221611 at https://greenmedinfo.com Apple consumption reduces markers of postprandial inflammation following a high fat meal in overweight and obese adults. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-reduces-markers-postprandial-inflammation-following-high-fat PMID:  Food Funct. 2021 Jul 21 ;12(14):6348-6362. Epub 2021 Jun 8. PMID: 34105575 Abstract Title:  Apple consumption reduces markers of postprandial inflammation following a high fat meal in overweight and obese adults: A randomized, crossover trial. Abstract:  High fat meal-induced postprandial inflammation is exacerbated in overweight and obesity and may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study aimed to determine the effects of apples, rich in anti-inflammatory polyphenols, on biomarkers of postprandial inflammation in individuals with overweight and obesity. A randomized, crossover trial was conducted with n = 26 participants (17 female/9 male; mean age 45.5± 3.12 years; mean BMI 34.1 ± 1.18 kg m) to assess the effects of 3 whole Gala apples (∼200 g) on the 2, 4 and 6 h postprandial response to a high fat meal providing 1 g fat per kg body weight. Changes in plasma biomarkers of inflammation (as the primary outcome) and endotoxin exposure, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. Fasting (0h) and 4 h peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also isolated from whole blood and stimulated with or without a physiological dose (10 ng mL) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure secreted cytokines. Apples modulated postprandial plasma IFN-γ and reduced its peak concentration (-12.8%), and increased both 4 h (14.4%) and peak (10.5%) TAC (P<p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-reduces-markers-postprandial-inflammation-following-high-fat" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-consumption-reduces-markers-postprandial-inflammation-following-high-fat#comments Apple Cardiovascular Diseases Inflammation Obesity Anti-Inflammatory Agents Risk Reduction Human Study Sun, 22 Aug 2021 23:32:20 +0000 greenmedinfo 244760 at https://greenmedinfo.com Apple extracts can extend cellular lifespan by lowering the level of intracellular ROS and by the activation of cellular signalling pathways. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-extracts-can-extend-cellular-lifespan-lowering-level-intracellular-ros-a PMID:  BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Apr 5 ;17(1):200. Epub 2017 Apr 5. PMID: 28381226 Abstract Title:  Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca) extracts act against stress and ageing in S. cerevisiae yeast cells. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: During the past years, a number of studies have demonstrated the positive effect of apple on ageing and different diseases such as cancer, degenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents a simple eukaryotic model to study the effects of different compounds on lifespan. We previously demonstrated that apple extracts have anti-ageing effects in this organism because of their antioxidant properties. In particular, the effect is related to the presence in this fruit of polyphenols, which give a large contribution to the antioxidant activity of apples.METHODS: We we used a clonogenic assay to assess the viability and the resistance to oxidative stress of S. cerevisiae cells in the presence of Annurca apple extracts. The production of ROS and the aberrant morphology of nuclei were detected by cell staining with the fluorescent dies Dihydrorhodamine 123 and DAPI, respectively. Mitochondrial morphology was analyzed by following the localization of the mito-GFP protein into the mitochondrial matrix.RESULTS: In this study, we show that apple extracts can increase yeast lifespan, reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and cell sensitivity to oxidative stress, and prevent nuclei and mitochondria fragmentation protecting cells from regulated cell death.CONCLUSIONS: In this paper, by using the yeast S. cerevisiae as a model, we have demonstrated that Annurca extracts possess antioxidant properties thanks to which the extracts can reduce the intracellular ROS levels and have anti-apoptotic functions thus prolonging cell lifespan. These results contribute to knowledge on the effects of natural compounds on ageing and support the use of yeast as a model organism for the development of simple tests to assess the effectiveness of bioactive substances from natural sources. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-extracts-can-extend-cellular-lifespan-lowering-level-intracellular-ros-a" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/apple-extracts-can-extend-cellular-lifespan-lowering-level-intracellular-ros-a#comments Aging Apple Apple Polyphenols Oxidative Stress Anti-Apoptotic Antioxidants Plant Extracts Animal Study Tue, 02 Jan 2018 15:11:04 +0000 greenmedinfo 157905 at https://greenmedinfo.com